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‘ot a RE:
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF TITE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITII LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTI’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL IIISTORY.’)
CONDUCTED BY
ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, sun., F.L.S.
VOL. IX.—SEVENTH SERIES.
ay \ 4
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SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ;: BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN : AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1902.
“Omnes res creatw sunt divine sapientix et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; ex cconomié in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper astimata ; A veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnavs.
“ Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckyer, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
ev" e eo © oe 6 ete « Lhe sylyan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818,
CONTENTS OF VOL, IX.
[SEVENTH SERIES.]
NUMBER XLIX.
Page
I. On Two Skulls of the Ornithosaurian 2hamphorhynchus. By Apher WOODWARD, 0..D., F.RS,. (Plate Ts). . necce oc xie ceiere
II. A Revision of the Genera of the ARANEZ# or Spiders with reference to their Type Species. By F. Prckarp Campriper, B.A.
III. New Genera and Species of Coccide, with Notes on known Reece bo D. DA. CockeR Mids 5 /, .osii0ls ir lGele vase thon
IV. The “ Cahow” of the Bermudas, an Extinct Bird. By A. E. isha a aren sf Akama Uae Si cine cele w eect cans
V. Ona small Collection of Butterflies made by C. Stuart Betton in British East Africa. By A.G. Butter, Ph.D. ..............
VI. Rhynchotal Notes.—XII. Heteroptera: Fam. Pyrrhocoride. REL UMETAREE Sys olla ids Saleh low Sieca esi etanate sae va 1tES ba eet
VII. Descriptions of Two new Gerbils from Egypt. By W. E. a tool lacs nicer TE aw ai viain oa tw'Y woty ae 45m aie m= oN
VIII. Notices of Two new Species of Potto from the French
Senge sornory. By WE. DE“WENTON . 655.0000 0. 05 vacate st 1X. On the Southern Snapping-Turtle (Chelydra Rossignonit, Bocourt). By G. A. Boutenesn, F.R.S. ...... 00.60. cece eee X. Descriptions of new Batrachians and Reptiles from North- western Ecuador. By G. A. BoutencEr, F.R.S. ..............
XI. A new Blue Duiker from Nyasaland. By Otprreip Tuomas.
XII. On Mammals from the Serra do Mar of Parana, collected by Mr. Alphonse Robert. By OtprirLtp Tuomas, F.R.S. ..........
XII. On the Classification of Diatoms. By C. Mrerescuxowsky.
XIV. Descriptions of a new Alyceus from Perak and a Bulimulus mom ten. by Hien: Fovroni ones buck den avsawe yes chee
XV. Descriptions of Two new Fishes of the Genus Loricaria from North-western Ecuador. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.RS. ......,.
XVI. Preliminary Report on a Collection of Meduse from the Coast of British Columbia and Alaska. By Lovrs Mursacu and IS PMSA REY 05 iy foc eta d oP oe ae Eb < 5.dnie’n a's
1
5
20
7
~ iv CONTENTS.
Page New Books :—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalgenz in the British Museum. Volume III. Catalogue of the Arctiade (Arctiane) and Agaristide in the Collection of the British Museum, By Sir GrorGe F. Hampson, Bart.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. By THEoporE Cooxr, C.I.E., formerly Principal of the College of Science at Poona and Director of the Botanical Survey of Western India. Ranunculacee to Rutacee.—Zoolo- gical Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands, and elsewhere, collected during the Years 1895,
1896, and 1897, by Arthur Willey, D.Sc. Part V. ........ 74, 75
NUMBER L.
XVII. New Species of Eastern and Australian Heterocera. By Colonel :C. Swinsor,; NLA, Fai&., Gee, 26 ths Avs ve ee a hs 77
XVUIL On an Amioid Fish (Megalurus Mawsoni, sp. nu.) from the Cretaceous of Bahia, Brazil. By A. Smrru Woopwarp, LL.D.,
PERS (Plate 10) cl chbenes eek sss wv aeaeteee ee Seu dh ee 87 XIX. On Rutelid and Melolonthid Beetles from Mashonaland
and East Africa. By GILBERT J. ARROW..........ceeeeveccees 89 XX. North-American Bees of the Genus Andrena. By T. D. A.
GCRMBELD «3 52 y)<c «>. -.< cnn ener en ee eine eleee aera ara Ace 101
XXI. Investigations upon the Life-history of Salmon, and their Bearing on the Phenomena of Nuptial and Sexual Ornamentation and Development in the Animal Kingdom generally. By G. E. H. BaRReEttT-Hamitton, Capt. 5th Royal Irish Rifles .............. 106
XXII. On some Questions of Malacological Nomenclature. By O. v. MOLLENDORFF, Ph.D..... dd '> 6.8 SOREN 9 ev eee er er 120
XXIII. Descriptions of Two new Cyprinid Fishes from Morocco, By G. A, BouLRNGER, FURS. .....c00s0ssscuccnvecssesue seine 124
XXIV. On Mammals from Cochabamba, Bolivia, and the Region noith of that place. By OLprreLp Tuomas, F.R.S. .........-++ 125
XXV. Description of a new Characinid Fish discovered by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Southern Nigeria. By G. A. BouLencrEr, ERS. (Plate TIL) opis acse sek ceenn tres ieee hose 144
XXVL. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Hymenoptera from the Oriental Zoological Region (Ichneumonidae, Fossores, and Anthophila). By P. CAMERON ......ccesscecsessesecccecs o.. 146
New Books :—Fauna, Flora, and Geology of theClyde Area Edited by G. F. Scorr Evtior, Matcom Laurik, and J, BarcLtay Murpocu.—Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Canada. By J. F. Wurrraves, LL.D.—Catalogue of the Collection cf Birds’ Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. I. Ratite, Carinate (Tinamiformes—Lari- formes), By EUGENE W:, OATHS 2... :ccccncossucesses 155, 156
CONTENTS.
NUMBER LI.
XXVII. A Contribution to the Systematics of the Pedipalpi. By PE EMEOCDOS sep eee t es ox ve lece ee ROE CECT AN Cire wesea ned’
XXVIII. Descriptions of new Eastern and Australian Moths. By Colonel C. Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S., ce. ..... eee cere ee eeee .
XXIX. Descriptions of new Species of Land-Mollusca from New Peace: “By Huai HeLiON, <i, ois ost eee ess cee acer sade
XXX. On Sellaphora, a new Genus of Diatoms. By C. Merrscu-
PRT OM PE IAGOCE VW Qcnies «vos Yew nce udv eds syeegens eaers aes XXXI. On a Hermaphrodite Example of the Herring (Clupea harengus). By THOMAS SOUTHWELL ........ee eee eeeeeeereeees XXXII. Description of a new Lizard from Pitt Island, near Chatham Island, New Zealand. By G. A. Boutencer, F.RS..... XXXIII. Notes on the Classification of Teleostean Fishes.—II. On the Berycide. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.RS, .... eee eee eee eee
XXXIV. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Hymenoptera from the Oriental Zoological Region (Ichneumonide, Fossores, and Anthophila). By P.CAMERON........... awe Weis eh Ravelry eae >
XXXYV. On the Bear of Ecuador. By OLpFreLp THOMAS
XXXVI. On Two new Species of Mus discovered by Mr. 58. L. Hinde in British East Africa. By OLpFreLp THomas, F.RS. ...,
XXXVII. On a new Genus of Vespertilionine Bat from New
Guinea. By OLpFIELD THOMAS ..........++ eee te fae errata XXXVIII. On Mammals collected by Mr. Perry O. Simons in the Southern Part of the Bolivian Plateau. By OLpFietp THomas....
XXXIX. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station. —XII. On some Genera of Bees. By T. D. A. Cockrrett and MBRSONATEING .5 056.0 c tcc testi sess cenedneeevaswetaaens
New Books :—A Treatise on Zoology. Edited by E. Ray Lan- KESTER, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.—Part IV. The Platyhelmia, Mesozoa, and Nemertini. By W. Bu axtanp Brenna, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.A. (Oxon.).—Use-inheritance. Illustrated by the direction of Hair on the Bodies of Animals. By WALTER Kipp, M.D., F.Z.S.—A Guide to the Shell and Star-fish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicates, Echino- derma, and Worms), Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).—The Soares and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Edited by J. Stantey Gar-
“se
230
Benet Wet VO). ko Part Lie ce nates sere es 254—256
NUMBER LI. XL. On Mammals collected at Cruz del Eje, Central Cordova, by Mr. P.O: Sinions. “By OcpFrery THOMAS (2.2 c sce c ces wecnes
XLI. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Hymenoptera from the Oriental Zoological Region (Ichneumonidae, Fossores, and wamnopnua). By PLCAMERON 2.2 ceusesscapeverversarecious’s
245
vi CONTENTS.
Page XLII. The Taxonomy of Recent Species of Limulus. By R. 1. Podocse, (Plates V..&. VIL). cid is civais vse nv ony vewle dn ae borer 256
XLIII. On the Geographical Races of the Kinkajou. By Oxp- BIRED THOMAS oe. sy sis peste wpe wml ee Sa eR aCe . 266
XLIV. On a new Species of Atherura discovered by Capt. Guy Burrows on the Congo. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ........++ee eee XLY. A new Hipposiderus from Borneo. By Oiprretp THomas. 271 XLVI. A Preliminary Report on Hydromeduse from the Falk- land Islands. By Epwarp T. Browne, Zoological Research Laboratory, University College, London ...........ceeesseeeeces 272 XLVIL. Descriptions of new Fishes and Reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America. By G. A. BouLenGEr, F.R.S, 284
XLVIII. Description of anew Barbus from Natal. By G. A. BOULENGER, FURS. asi ces oe en EN se ae re de ee ee 288
XLIX. The Generic Term “ Dama.” By P. L. Scrarrr, F.R.S. 289 L. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—
No. XXII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &......... 291 LI. Nomenclature of Genera &e. in the Oribatide. By A. D. Mronar., PLS. &e. @oary ei dasivs ne deaeye taewo) ele ah ee 309
LII. Descriptions of new Species of Ampelita and Tropidophora from Madagascar. By Hueu FuLTon :
OG 0 6 9 Bs h a a0 BD Che io 0.0 01d weitere
LIII. Descriptions of new Species of Helicoids from German New Guinea and New Mecklenburg (New Ireland). By Hueu Fuiton. 315
New Bovks :—Zoology. An Elementary Text-Book. (Cambridge Natural Science Manuals.) By A. E, Surprey, M.A., and KE. W. MacBripr, M.A.—Dragons of the Air. By H. G. eo eR I are, Pere jaye ce 518, 319
Proceedings of the Geological Society .........0.0-eee is win aa 320
NUMBER LIII.
LIV. Descriptions of some new Species of Lepidoptera. By HepserT Davck, F.LS, &e. . ieee ccceacentecevcten deve uwon 321
LY. Description of a new Deep-sea Gadid Fish from South A friea, By G. A. BouLENGER, F.RS. ... cece eee cece rece nee e eee eee 335
LVI, List of the Fishes, Batrachians, and Reptiles collected by the late Mr. P. O. Simons in the Provinces of Mendoza and Cor- dova, Argentina. By G. A. BouLENnGnR, F.R.S............+..+. 336
LVI. A new Name for the Common Agama of the Transvaal. By G. A. BouLenGEr, F.BS. 20... eee eee eee eee eee teens 339
LVILI. On the Hymenoptera collected by Mr. W. I. Distant in the Transvaal, South Africa, with Descriptions of supposed new Species. By Lieut.-Colonel C, T. BINGHAM .... 6+... seer seers 340
CONTENTS. vil
Page LIX. Rhynchotal Notes.—XIII. Heteroptera: Families Tingidide, _ Phymatide, and Aradide. By W.L. DISTANT ....... eee ee eee 353 LX. New Species of Dipodillus and Psammomys. By OLDFIELD EES SRE RE wire perry Peer rae 362
LXI. A new Genet from British East Africa. By OLpFmLp THOMAS
Sam 65 0 @ Me 6. 86a.» 0 pig 66 0.210 '@ aig op oe 60.8 Oe @ CA Bae 9.619 580 He 5 8. 2
LXII. Further Notes on the Pangonine of the Family Tabanide in the British Museum Collection. By Miss GerrrupE Ricarpo .. 366
LXIII. Relationships of the Rugosa (Tetracoralla) to the living Reena toe 0a, 20. DRAB 6 orice coca tins Rae ok aw neler ee 381
New Book :—The Foraminifera : an Introduction to the Study of the Protozoa. By Freprrick Cuapman, A.LS., F.R.MS., Palzontologist, National Museum of Melbourne ............ 398
Ceratovacuna brasiliensis, Hempel: a Correction, by Adolph Hempel. 400
NUMBER LIV.
LXIV. New Species of Spiders belonging to the Genus Ctenus, with Supplementary Notes. By FrrpErick Pickarp CAMBRIDGE,
EAC Sg FEA 6 | Dane Ot - ceae a hoe eesti He 2 401 LXV. New Species of Eastern and Australian Heterocera. By Penne WIN EO, WCB .5.5 ACR oe Soin sn oo. on gle ele lane oe 415
LXVI. Further Notes on the Pangonine of the Family Tabanide in the British Museum Collection. By Miss GErrrupE Ricarpo., 424
LXVII. The Zycaon and Pedetes of British East Africa, and a new Gerbille from N. Nyasa. By Orprirtp THoMAsS............ 458
LXVIII. On the Species of Mydaus found in Borneo and the Natuna Islands. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ..........0e00e0ss000> 442
LXIX. On a new Marmot from North Siberia. By OLpFIrLp
CL LAA a a Er II cite ell ey Peery mnie eee re 444 LXX. Description of a new Uromys from the Solomon Islands.
SRI RISMMI RIOMATS 05 seal d as ee ciate sees seit e wna des nee 446 LXXI. The “Cahowe”’ of the Bermudas. By the Rey. Canon
er eee, MOA. TED. BRS, Be. oo ec arswecsscsecnsic 447
LXXII. Descriptions of Two new Species of Bactrododema (Phas- mid@) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History).
Se eee SEeOES EEL ey BES, os» rca gp «Hn singe nade hho ew seas 448 LXXIII. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Coccide. By Eee ROMMEL oon 6 a vos oo # 0,0, dm 4 <i dteispeminDoe Rin» ays Binh oil 450
LXXIV. On Two new Earthworms of the Family Megascolicida. Pema Pe SEDDARD PG 4 cdecsedevasiessnedas t's piees'ss 456
vill CONTENTS.
Page New Books:—The Fish River Bush and its Wild Animals. By W. T. Brack, M.R.C.S., L.S.A.—‘The Country.’ Edited by
Harpy Ropenses 63 iss ss is dees Ve eee she eta ake 463 Proceedings of the Geological Society...........sceseeeveee 464, 465 Observations on the Flowering of Lobelia cardinalis and Lobelia
syphilitica, by Thomas Meshan 4.4 v0»sves sik ds weber es hwne 465 PMGOK ls 5e dilee as sal kine Bes biviss och aeds pp tim alate ul spaces oe SI 467
PLATES IN VOL. IX.
Prate I. Skulls of Rhamphorhynchus Gemmingi and Rh. longiceps. II. Megalurus Mawsoni. III. Citharidium Ansorgii. IV. New Diatoms. afi tecent species of Limulus, VII. New species of Ctenus,
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
(SEVENTH SERIES.]
O <Svcknaipnasevle per litora spargite museum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo. N. Parthenii Giannettusi, Eel,
No. 49. JANUARY 1902.
1.— On Two Skulls of the Ornithosaurian Rhampho- thynchus. By A. Sarra Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S.
[Plate I.]
I. Rhamphorhynchus Gemming!, Meyer. (Pl. I. figs. 1, 2.)
The palate of the Ornithosauria remains very imperfectly known. A new specimen of Rhamphorhynchus Gemming/ acquired by the British Museum from the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria is thus of considerable interest. It is a frag- mentary skeleton preserved in the usual manner on a slab of fine-grained limestone, and among the scattered remains thie skull is shown directly from beneath. The mandible is fortu- nately displaced, so that the palate is completely exposed, ani the only imperfections in the latter result from flaking at tie time when the block containing the fossil was split.
The skull (fig. 1) exhibits its elongated and attenuated form, with a slight production of the slender rostrum in advance of the foremost teeth. The premaxille (pmz.) are
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ix. I
2 Dr. A. S. Woodward on Two Skulls
shown to occupy more than half the total length of the skull, and their anterior half is much attenuated. They seem to be fused together in the median line, and their stout palatal plates are slightly divergent behind where they form the anterior border of the fossa into which the posterior nares open. The jagged suture between the premaxilla and maxilla (mx.) is distinet on each side of the fossil, while the palatal plate of the maxilla, doubtless followed behind by the palatine bone, lies in the same plane as the premaxillary roof of the mouth, and forms the lateral boundary of the posterior narial fossa. Crushing on the right and imperfection on the left side obscure the form of the palatine (pa.) ; but it is quite a small element and seems to be a little thickened at the rounded angle, where it abuts upon the pterygoid. Behind the palatine there is a small infraorbital vaeuity (ov.), which is longer than broad. The pterygoids (pt.) are very slender bones, separated for the greater part of their length by a large iiterpterygoid vacuity (7pv.). Fora considerable extent they are shown only in impression in the fossil. The hinder limit of the pterygoid element is not clear on either side, but it evidently expands into a thin vertical lamina overlapping the quadrate (qu.). In front of this it becomes a slender bar, expanding slightly outwards at its middle, where the infra- orbital vacuity is separated by a small rod of bone from the rather larger infratemporal vacuity (¢tv.). This very small rod (x) is probably a transverse bone connecting the pterygoid with the hinder end of the maxilla. In front of this point the two pterygoids begin to converge forwards, first touching the palatines, and eventually meeting in the middle line as they bend upwards to the roof of the posterior narial fossa. ‘They doubtless meet the vomers in front, but it seems impossible to remove enough matrix to expose the latter elements. At the back of the skull the small basicranial axis is searcely seen; but a pair of long and slender basi- pterygoid processes (bpt.) connect it with the pterygoids. The elongated quadrate (qu.) is inclined sharply forwards as usual, but its articulation for the mandible is broken away. ‘The post-temporal vacuity (ptv.) between the quadrate and the quadratejugal is conspicuous, ‘Teeth are confined to the margin of the jaw, where they are arranged in regular pairs. ‘They are long, slender, smooth, and somewhat laterally com- pressed, with a minute pulp-cavity towards the base. ‘They are very obliquely inserted in well-separated sockets, eight contained in each premaxilla, two in each maxilla.
The mandible (fig. 2) is remarkable for the slenderness of its anterior toothless beak, which is longer than that of the
of the Ornithosdurian Wham phorhyachus. J
upper jaw (unless the latter be broken and deceptive, which seems improbable). It bears only seven pairs of teeth, similar to those of the upper jaw.
The new specimen of Rhamphorhynchus thus shows that the palate in this genus is essentially reptilian in all respects, only modified by the great development of the premaxillary tegion and the small size of the brain-case. It agrees with the palate of tlie pterodactyl from the Whitby Lias named Scaphoynathus Purdoni*, so far as the latter can be com- pared. It also suggests that the so-called undivided poste- rior narial vacuity described by Marsh t and Williston ¢ in the Cretaceous Pteranodon is really the fossa into which the actual and normal posterior nares will be found to open as soon as the pterygoids and vomers are completely known in that genus.
II: Lhamphorhynchus longiceps, sp. ui. (Pl. 1. fig. 3.)
The newly-prepared skull and mandible of a relatively large species of hamphorhynchus in the British Museum exhibit so many differerices from the corresponding parts of Rk. Gemmingi and other known species of this genus that they seem worthy of special descriptions ‘They are asso- ciated with a considerable part of the skeleton in a slab of Lithographic Stone from Hichstadt, Bavaria. The specimen was tightly referred to the genus Rhamphorhynchus by Lydekker in 1888§, but it was at the same time wrongly identified with the imperfectly known Pterodactylus grandis of Cuvier ||, which seems to be a true Pterodactylus or an allied short-tailed genus §j.
The head is exposed from the right lateral aspect and is shown of the natural size in fig. 3: The facial region of the skull is seet to be low and much elongated, though its original profile is partly destroyed by crushing from above. The rostrum terminates in a sharp point; but its toothless
* FE. T. Newton, “ On the Skull, Brain, and Auditory Organ of a new Species of Pterosaurian (Scaphognathus Purdoni), from the Upper Lias near Whitby, Yorkshire,” Phil. Trans. 1888 B, p. 504, pl. Ixxvii. fig. 4.
+ O. . Marsh, “The Skull of Pteranodon,” Amer. Journ. Sci. [3] vol. xxvii. (1884) p. 424, ph. xv. fig. 3.
} S. W. Williston, “On the Skull of Ornithostoma,” Kansas Univ. Quart. vol. iv. (1896) p. 197, pl. i. : ;
§ R. Lydekker, Catal. Foss. Rept. B. M. pt. i. (1888) p. 33 (B. M. no. 37002).
| G, Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. ed; 2, vol. vy. (1824) pt. ii. p. 382.
K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Paleont. vol. iii. (1890) p. 792; H. G.
Seeley, ‘ Dragons of the Air’ (1901), p. 169, 1*
4 On the Ornithosausian Rhamphorhynelus.
portion is very short and deep. The external narial opening (na.) of each side is high on the face, perhaps dorsally placed. Its length is somewhat doubtful, but certainly less than half that of the snout in front of it. It is separated by a broad bar from the antorbital vaeuity (aov.), which is well below but begins seareely further back. This vacuity is also elon- gated and narrow, about three times as long as deep. Most of its posterior margin is broken away in the fossil, so that by accident it appears to be directly continuous with the orbit (orb.). The rock is traversed by a fracture across this cavity, but the bones do not seem to have been displaced. The orbit is very large, as usual, and widest above where it excavates the frontal region. Its maximum width does not much exceed its maximum depth. The length of the post- orbital region of the cranium is nearly, if not quite, equal to the maximum width of the orbit, and the lateral temporal vacuity (/tv.) is much larger than is usual in Rhampho- rhynchus. This vacuity is bounded in front, above, and below by a rather broad bar; but the posterior bar is narrower. ‘The superior temporal vacuity, though incom- pletely exposed, is seen to be correspondingly large. The oral border of the skull exhibits a series of well-separated protuberances for the insertion of nine teeth, and then curves slightly downwards to the mandibular articulation. The mandible (md.) is very slender and is exposed sufficiently from beneath to show the extent of the symphysis. ‘The latter (s.) occupies one quarter of the total length of the jaw, is very much laterally compressed, and curves gently upwards in a toothless beak. The large size of the tooth-sockets in the dentary imparts a wavy appearance to the bone of the oral border of the mandible. The teeth of both jaws are large, smooth, and laterally compressed, and very obliquely inserted in the ordinary manner. Those of the two jaws alternate and interlock, the foremost pair being in the upper . jaw. Only a few are preserved, but they are shown to vary in size, and the two hindermost teetl—presumably those of the maxilla—are relatively small. ‘here are many slight fissures in the bones, but none can be definitely recognized as sutures.
This head is readily distinguished from that of Rhampho- rhynchus Gemmingi and the three other satisfactorily known species of L’hamphorhynchus by the form ‘of the beak and the elongate proportions of the cranial region. It therefore seems to indicate a distinct species of this genus, which is larger than any hitherto discovered, and may be named Rnaampho- rhynchus longiceps, in allusion to the most remarkable feature
A Revision of the Genera of the Aranee. 5
of its cranium. The bones associated with the head comprise some of the cervical vertebra, the greater part of the tail, one scapula and coracoid, the greater part of one wing, remains of the other wing, and one hind foot. ‘The scapula and coracoid are fused together. ‘Ihe humerus, which is tmperfect distally, cannot have exceeded 0°075 m. in length, while (as already noted by Lydekker) the respective lehgths of the second, third, and fourth wing-phalanges are 07165 m., 0-140 m., and 0°136 m. respectively. ‘lhe hind foot measures 0070 m. in length, and, judging from the slenderness of its toes, the hind limb must have been as sinall and weak as in the other species of Rhamphorhynchus. Though equally long, the toes are only about half as stout as those of another portion of hind limb in the British Museum, which was also provisionally ascribed to “ Rhamphorhynchus grandis” by Lydekker (/oc. cit. p. 33, no. 42737).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Rhamphorhynchus Gemmingi, Meyer ; palatal aspect of skull, nat. size.—Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone); Solenhofen, Bavaria. bpt., basipterygoid processes; tov., infraorbital va- cuity ; ¢pv., interpterygoid vacuity ; #v., infratemporal vacuity ; mx., maxilla; pa., palatine ; pma., premaxilla; pt., pterygoid ; ptv., posterotemporal vacuity; gw., quadrate; 2, supposed transverse bone. (Brit. Mus. no. R. 2786.)
Fig. 2. Ditto ; mandible of same specimen, oral aspect, nat. size.
Fig. 3. Rhamphorhynchus longiceps, sp. n.; skull and mandible, right lateral aspect, nat. size.—Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone); ichstadt, Bavaria. aov., antorbital vacuity; /tv., lateral temporal vacuity ; md., mandible; na., external nares; orb., orbit ; s., hinder end of mandibular symphysis. (Brit. Mus, no. 37002.)
Il.—A Revision of the Genera of the ARANEZ or Spiders with reference to their Type Species. By F. Pickarp CAMBRIDGE, B.A.
‘THE following notes contain some important conclusions with regard to the signification and synonymy of various genera aud species.
Many generic names which have been treated by authors as either unsuitable or superfluous, or both, will have to be restored, at all events to the extent of ascertaining what is their type species. Such, for instance, are those published by Simon in 1864 and those founded by Templeton and published by Blackwall in the same year. [t is possible that
6 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A —evision
the latter will never take position as indicating recognized generic groups, because the type species have never been identified, ard possibly never will be; but if they ever should he idert fied and any generic group founded on them, or if they be discovered to be congeneric with any group founded under some Jater name, then they will have to be recognized. In any case the names themselves are not ayailable for use in any other branch of zoology; and since they are not in- cluded in Scudderx’s ‘ Nomenclator Zoologicus,’ it is advisable to publish them.
Many of Simon’s genera, however, will doubtless at some future time take their place in systematic arachnology, for the tendency is always towards increased subdivision, as the analysis of cliaracters becomes more minute and their delinea- tion more accurate; and it is absolutely essential, if we are ever to see an end to the present chaos, that type species should be selected for them by one or other of the processes explained in my recent communications (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vii., Jan. 1901; and op, cit. vol. viii., Nov. 1901).
With regard to these methods, I must here make one restriction, and that with reference to the removal of a species from a genus by ‘‘ ¢mplication”’ into another genus previously founded.
As a matter of fact, the action involved would amount to an assumption tliat the author had no right to place that particular species under his genus on the grounds that it was congeneric with the type of some earlier genus, and had by implication already been removed.
Of course an author has a perfect right to include any species he likes, and must face the consequences if the last species left in his gronp by subsequent withdrawals turns out to be congeneric with the type of some earlier genus, whereby he Joses his own name as a synonym,
The process, moreover, is indirect and leads to great con- fusion, for it may afterwards be urged that the implication hypothesized in the removal was erroneous, that the species removed was not congeneric with the earlier genus, and that therefore the selection of the type of the later genus, based on that removal, is not valid.
By this renewed claim of the species in question to enter again amongst the species whence tlie type ot the later genus can be selected, the equilibrium is upset all along the line, and down come a score, perhaps, of generic ninepins whose stability depended upon the validity of this first step.
It is not possible of course to entirely avoid this tragedy of
of the Genera of the Aranee. 7
the ninepins so well known to and so justly feared by every- one who has endeavoured to fix genera upon solid ground, because under any process where an assumption is made that such a species was withdrawn under another name and placed in a new genus, and further steps based upon that action, there is always the possibility that it may turn out that the two species were after all not identical, and down come several ninepins, and tle whole position has to be reconsidered.
We have to recognize and face this possibility. What we want to do, however, is to avoid as much as possible any steps of elimination which might court such a catastrophe.
The case of the genus Neriene (see page 9 of the present paper) will furnish a good illustration. Blackwall had a perfect right to include N. marginata if he pleased, and it cannot be helped if, being the last species left in, owing to the withdrawal of the other two, it becomes the type of Neriene, and being congeneric (sec. authors) with Linyphia, he loses his genus as a synonym of the latter.
Jf, however, this species be regarded as removed by impli- eation under Linyphia, Latreille, then V. cornuta will be left in as the type of the genus. In this case cornuta would not be available as the type of Dicyphus, Menge, as it would be if “implication”? weie not recognized.
But it may afterwards be discovered that N. marginata is not really congeneric with Linyphia, and it renews its right to serve as the type of Nerzene, and being the last left in becomes the type: cornuta forthwith loses its position as the type and claims again a right to serve as the type of Dicyphus, other subsequent genera will be involved, and so on to distraction.
Apart from these lamentable consequences, retrospective implication cannot be upheld, because it involves the denial of the right of an author to include any species he likes in any genus he likes to make, and claim that species as the type, even to his own undoing.
Subsequent withdrawals of species, moreover, can obviously only take place directly under the same name or under a recognized synonyin.
It is unfortunate that there appears to be no way of avoiding the catastrophe I have referred to above in connexion with steps based upon an assumption of the identity of species. ‘It might be urged, Why not wait until the synonymy of all the species involved has been finally settled? ‘Theoretically, no doubt, this should be the first step to take; practically it cannot be done without years of labour, and even then with very doubtful results. What hopes can one entertain when
8 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A Revision
perhaps an authors conception of one of his own species becomes mod.fied as time rolls on and he sends three totally different forims to represent it at three different stages of his career in answer to urgent requests for examples of his species ?
List of Genera referred to. Walckenaeria, Blackwall, p. 8. | Zygiella, nom. novy., p. 15,
Arrecerus, Simon, p. 10. Nuctohia, Simon, p. 15. Cornicularia, Menge, p. 9. Leucauge, Darwin, p. 16.
Diplocephalus, Bertkau, p. 9. Ariadne, Doleschall, p. 16. Prosopotheca, Simon, p. 9. Lagenicola, Simon, p. 17. Metargus, nom. nov., p. 8. Trechona, C. L. Koch, p. 17. Nertene, Blackwall, p. 9. Pezionya, Simon, p. 18. Viderius, Simon, p. 10. Sigaloéssa, Templeton, p. 18. Gonatium, Menge, p. 10. Smmamorus, Templeton, p. 18. Lycena, Sundevyall, p. 10. Avbatus, Templeton, p. 19. Lycodia, Sundevall, p. 11. Myagrus, Templeton, p. 19. Steatoda, Sundevall, p. 11. Xenophonus, Templeton, p. 19. Eucharia, C. 1. Koch, p. 15, Ceroclus, Templeton, p. 19. Stearodea, gen. nov., p. 15. Amaurobius, C. Li. Koch, p. 19. Phrurolithus, C. L. Koch, p. 18. Cavator, Blackwall, p. 20. Zilla, C. L. Koch, p. 14. | Ciniflo, Blackwall, p. 26. Zygia, C. L. Koch, p. 14. Celotes, Blackwall, p. 20.
WALCKENAERIA, Blackwall, Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. 3, iii. p- 104 (August 1833).
Three species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) W. acuminata, Blackw.; (2) W. cristata, Blackw. ; (3) W. cuspidata, Blackw. ‘The generic name being spelt as above, not Walckenaera.
W. acuminata was withdrawn under Micryphantes, subgenus Arrecerus, by Simon in 1864 under the name A. camelinus (C. L. Koch), with which, sec. Thorell and Simon, it is identical.
The second, W. cristata, was withdrawn by Walckenaer in 1841 under his genus Argus under the name A. bdicornis, which, sec. ‘Thorell and Simon,= W. cristata, And thus W. cuspidata is left in as the type.
Note.—I|t mikes no difference that Argus is anom. preocc., and in case any species should be left in the group, | here propose the name Me/argus in its place. If all tle species originally under Argus have been previously removed to other * genelic names, then Metargus becomes a synonym under whatever generic name is connected with the last species left in or otherwise selected as type, because the name under which the type of Argus has ken removed is in reality a
of the Genera of the Aranex. 9
name substituted for Argus, Walck.,—a nom. preoce. by Temminck for Aves.
W. cristatus, Blackw., is not the type of Diplucephalus, Bertkau, as stated by Simon (Hist. Nat. Ar. ii. p. 657), but D, foraminifer (O. P. Cambr.). Ws acuminata was selected as the type of Walck naerta by Thorell in 1869, but it had alieady been withdrawn by Simon in 1864.
A. monoceros, Wid., was quoted ky Menge as the type of his genus Cornicularta in 1869, but his description and figures do not represent this species, but W. unicorns, Cambr., sec. ‘Thorell and Simon; and A. monoceros, Wil., was in 1884 referred by oe to his genus Prosopotheca, and subse- quently (Hist. Nat. Ar. ii. p. 662) selected as the type.
e can account, denis for the genera and species involved as follows :—
WALCKENAERIA, Blackw., 1853.— Type, W. cristata,
Blackw.
ARRECERUS, Simon, 1864.—T ype, A. camelinus = acumina-
tus, Blackw.
CorniICuLARIA, Menge, 1869.—T'y pe, C. unicornis (Cambr.).
DIpLOcEPHALUS, Bertkau, 1884.—T ype, D. foraminifer
(Cambr.). PROSOPOTHECA, Simon, 1884.—T ype, P. monoceros (Wid.).
NERIENE, Blackwall, Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. 3, ili. p. 187 (Sept. 1833).
Three species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) N. marginata, Blackw.; (2) WV. rubens, Blackw.; (3) NV. cornuta, Blackw.
‘The genus was first broken up when the second species, N. rubens, was removed under Argus by Walckenaer under the name 4. cheliferus in 1841, and subsequently again removed in 1868 under Gonatiwm by Menge under the name G. chel/- ferum, which,sec. Thorell, Simon, and Kulezynski,=N. rubens, Blackw.
The third species was removed under Dicyphus by Menge in 1869 under the name J). eélunculus, which, sec. Uhorell and Simon,=JN, cornuta, Blackw.
NV. marginata is thus lett in as the type of the genus, and, sec. Thorell, Simon, and Kulezynski, this species = Linyphia clathrata, Sundevall. Neriene will thus follow the fortunes of this species, for no type had ever been definitely selected for Nerene until November 1900, when the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge (‘ List of British and Irish Spiders,’ p. 41) re- terred one species, NV. rubens, to the genus with the words
10 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A Revision
“ Nertene, Blackw. (sensu restricto).”” But the action of elimination had already set in, and left the type high and dry, so that this selection becomes void.
Nearly every author had ignored Blackwall’s name Neriene until 1894, when Simon restored it, but assigned to it as its type N. fusca, Blackw., a species not originally included in the genus.
Type, Nertiene marginata, Blackw.,= ZL. cluthrata, Sund.—
Europe.
ARRECERUS, Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 197 (1864).
‘Two species were included in this genus originally :— (1) A. camelinus, C. Koch; (2) A. monoceros, Wid.
A. monoceros, Wid., was withdrawn by Simon under his new genus Prosopotheca (Ar. Fr. v. p. 829, 1884), leaving camelinus as the type. ‘This is undoubtedly identical with Walckenacria acuminata, Blackw. (female).
‘Type, Arrecerus camelinus (C. Koch) (= W. acuminata,
Blackw.).—Germany.
VIpERIuS, Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 196 (1864).
Two species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) V. cucullatus, Koch ; (2) V. tibialis, Koch.
The first was taken out as the type of Jthyomma by Bertkau in 1884, being the only species referred to the genus, leaving the second as the type. This species is now regarded as identical with antica, Wid.
Type, Viderius tibialis (Koch) = V. antica (Wid.).—
Germany.
Gonatium, Menge, Preuss. Spinn. p. 180 (1868).
Two species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) G. cheliferum, Wider; (2) G. tsabellinum, C. L. Koch.
This genus has never been broken up, nor had the type been selected until 1884, when Simon selected rubens, Blackw., as the type (Ar. Fr. v. p. 546, 1854), a species which is regarded by both Thorell and Simon as identical with chede- jferum, Wider.
Type, Gonatium cheliferum (Wider), 1834=G. rubens (Blackwall), 1833.—Europe.
Lycana, Sundevall, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Handlingar (Act. Holm.), p. 265 (1833). A single species only was referred to this genus originally.
of the Genera of the Avanee. i}
The name is, however, a nom. preoce. by Fabricius for Lepidoptera, 1808. Cf. under Lycodia, 1833. ‘ype, Lycena spinimana, Sundevall, 1833.—Sweden.
LycopiA, Sundevall, Conspectus Arachnidum, p. 22 (1833).
The author refers to this genus thus:— Lycodia, nol. (Act. Holm. 1832, add, ad Aran.).”” The date given is that on which the paper was read. The generic name given, however, is Lycena, not Lycodia, in Sundevall’s reference. It appears from Thorell (Europ. Spid. p. 141) and from Westring (Aran. Suec, p. 325) that Sundevall leaves no doubt that the name Lycodia includes all that the author intended under Lycena, and, further, that Sundevall states that the name was a typographical error, due to a slip of the en or to a misprint, and that he wished the name //ecaerge, 3lackwall, to take its place (cf Kongl. Vet.-Akad. 1837-40, p- 340).
I have not been able to examine this work, but the above statement is made by Westring and Thorell, and | assume it to be correct.
Thorell and Westring, followed by other authors, have placed Lycodia as a synonym under Zora, for LHecaerge was also preoccupied. ‘lhe question is whether Lycodia is to stand or not,
Is the name Lycodia available for any otlier genus in the future? ‘lhorell, Westring, and other authors evidently think not, for they make it a synonym of Zora. But if it caunot be used again, it has already fulfilled the functions of a sound generic name applied under conditions which are valid according to recognized rules of nomenclature. If, then, it is a sound generic name there can be no legitimate reason for passing it over.
The name is a good one, not a mere misprint of Lycaena, It is not even a typographical error in the strict sense of the term. (‘The chances are that Sundevall had the Lycosa-like character of the type in his mind and unconsciously wrote a Latin name equivalent to Lycana, which was selected— ob similitudinem, saltem oculorum, cum araneis s. d. lupis.’’) And it is impossible not to recognize it and restore it to its generic position, with the type of Lycena, Sund., as its representative species.
Type, Lycodia spinimana, Sundevall, 1833.—Sweden.
STEATODA, Sundevall, Conspectus Arachnidum, p. 16 (1833).
Four species were originally referred to this genus, but no
12 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A Revision
author of the species was quoted :—(1) Therid. 4-punctatum ; (2) Therid. castaneum ; (3) Therid. albomaculatum ; (4) Therid. lunatum.
The first species, presumably Walckenaer’s, which, sec. Thorell, Simon, and Kulezynski,= Eucharia bipunctata, C. L. Koch,= Aranea bipunctata, Linn., and the second species, presumably Olivier’s, which, sec. Thorell,=Hucharia hera, C. L. Koch, were both removed by the latter author to his new genus ELucharia in 1835. The third, which, sec. Thorell,= Aranea lineata, Linn., was removed by Koch under Boly- phantes in 1841 (or, if it be Zh. albomaculatum, Lahn, which, sec. Thorell,=corollatus, Linn., was removed by Kochi under Phrurolithus in 1839).
The fourth species then, which, sec. Thorell and Simon,= tepidaricrum, C. L. Koch, is left as the type of the genus, and the name Steatoda must follow the fortunes of this species.
Thorell says: “ According to Sundevall’s characteristics of this genus, Th. 4-punctatum and Th. castaneum must be con- sidered as its types, and these species are also the first entered by him as thereto belonging ; afterwards he names T°. albo- maculatum &e.”
Now Sundevall quotes the species after lis diagnosis, exactly as 1 have placed them above, and he nowhere defi- uitely points to either of the species as more typical than the others. ‘They all, for Sundevall, fell under his genus—or, if nut, why did he place them there ?—and must bear equal rcsponsibility. As to characters in the diagnosis, under Theridium he says the eyes are small, and under Steatoda he says they are large; and even this qualification is placed in brackets, as though he were doubtful of its value.
Seeing that the author, presumably with full consciousness of the characters contained in his diagnosis, immediately includes four distinct species, how can it be reasonably urged that he did net mean to include the last two ?
Under these considerations it is impossible to allow Thorell’s theory of Sundevall’s wishes to override C. L. Koch’s action when he removed, as he had a perfect right to do, the first two species under Lucharia. I\t makes no ditterence that Luckaria was a nom. preocc. ‘The species included follow the fortunes of the Eucharian group; they cannot, so far as fixing on the type ts concerned, be replaced in the original generic group.
Otherwise, ot course, Thorell’s action, for he forms a new genus Lithyphantes, with corollatus=albomaculatum as its ty pe, would have been a perfectly legitimate selection of two
of the Genera of the Aranee. 13
typical species or a restriction of the group to the first two species.
Type, Steatoda lunata, Sund. (= T. tepidariorum, C. L. K.). —1urope.
Eucuartia, C. L. Koch, Deutsch. Ins. (Panzer) Heft 134 (1835) (sec. Davies Sherborn, F.Z.S., in Index Ani- malium, MS.).
Two species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) EB. hera, Heft 134, 9; (2) EL. dipunctata, Hett 134, 10, at.
The genus was first broken up by Koch himself, who in 1839 removed . bipunctata, and placed it, under the name P. ornatus, C. L. Koch (which, sec. Thorell, Simon, and Kulezynski, is a synonym), in his genus Phrurolithus.
The first species then, which, sec. Thorell,=custaneus, Clerck, and castanea, Oliv., remains as the type of the genus. Eucharia is, however, a nom. proce. by Hiibner, Lepidoptera, 1816.
The type is included by Simon in his genus Teutana, 1881.
Type, Lucharia hera, C. L. Koch,=£#. castanea (Olivier), 1789.—Europe.
STEARODEA, gen. nov.
Since Aranea bipunctata, Linn., was withdrawn by Koch under his new genus Hucharia in 1835, and there is no other name available under which this species and its allies have at any time been placed, I here propose the name Stearodea (oréap, wax ; oidov, resembling), which means essentially the same as Steatoda, for the group of wiich A. bipunctata, Linn., is typical.
Type, Stearodea bipunctata (Linn.).—Europe.
Pururouituus, C. L. Koch, Die Arach. vi. p. 100 (1839).
Nine species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) P. corollatus (Linn.) ; (2) P. hamatus, Koch; (3) P. lu- natus, Koch; (4) P. erythrocephalus, Koch; (5) P. festivus, Koch; (6) 2. minimus, Koch; (7) P. rufescens, Koch ; (8) P. ornatus, Koch; (9) P. trifasciatus, Koch.
This group was not broken up or restricted in any effectual manner until 1869 ; for Westring’s action in 1851 (Gétheborg. Kongl. Vetenskaps, Heft 2, p. 46) is not valid, as definitely limiting the genus to the two species mentioned, since he
l4 Mr. I’. P. Cambridge—A Revision
makes no new genus including any of the species originally included under Phrurolithus. Under Micaria Westring places (1) fulgens, Walck., and (2) pulicaria, Sund., neither of these, either directly or through a synonym, having been referred to the original genus. In 1869 (Europ. Spid. p. 146) Thorell selected fest’vus, Koch, as the type of Phrurolithus. Type, Phrurolithus festivus (C. L. Koch), 1835.—Europe.
Zita, C. L. Koch, Deutsch. Ins. (Panzer) Heft 124, 125 (1834) (sec. Index Animalium, MS.).
Two species were originally referred to this genus :— (1) Z. albimacula, C. L. Koch; (2) Z. montana, C. L. Koch.
The group was not broken up nor was the type selected until 1837, when Koch himself selected, on p. 5 of the ‘ Ueber= sicht,’ under Zilla, “ 'l'yp. Zilla albimacula, Koch, Deutsch. Ins.” This species is, sec. Thorell, Simon, and Kulczynski, identical with dtodia, Walck., this latter name having
riority.
‘ Thorell, in 1869 (Europ. Spid. p. 60), says :—“ As type for the genus Zilla, Koch, it is true, gives Z. a/bimacula (Ep. diodia, Walck.), but as we feel ourselves obliged to refer that species to the genus Epetra, we have assumed as typical species Zygia calophylla (Walck.) = Z. «-notata (Clerck), which appears to us best to express the peculiarities of the genus, is the first species of the genus described, and has since been by Koch himself assigned to Zilla.”
But neither Thorell nor Koch himself can, according to the customary views of systematists, alter the published and selected type any more than Koch could alter the name Zilla itself in a subsequent publication, and, in any case, calophylla, Walck., was not included when Zilla was first founded.
Type, Zilla albimacula, C. L. Koch,=diodia, Walck.—
Europe.
Zyeia, C. L. Koch, Deutsch. Ins. (Panzer) Heft 123, 17, 18, 19 (1834) (sec. Index Animalium, MS.).
A single name only was originally referred to this genus :— Arana calophylla, Walck. Faune Par, ii. p. 200.
Under this name, however, two species were involved (cf. Koch, ‘Thorell, and Simon)—a-notata, Clerck (= A. litterata, Olivier), and Eucharia atrica, C. L. Koch. Both these species were included by C. L. Koch under Zygia, the male of the latter on fig. 17, the female of the former on figs. 18, 19.
This male Koch, in 1844, renamed atrica, reserving the name calophylla for the female, referring the former to his
of the Genera of the Aranee. 15
genus Eucharia of 1835. This action, however, does not constitute a withdrawal of this species from the possibility of serving as the type of Zygia, because a withdrawal could only be effective if made at the time when the genus was first founded.
In 1866 Menge placed calophylla, Koch, under Zilla, and atrica, Koch, under Zygia; but this action, again, does not constitute a limitation or selection of a type, and either of the two species involved may still be the type of Zygia.
I am not able to find that any type has ever been definitely selected for Zygia, and I therefore select as the type the species represented by the male figured by Koch, Heft 123
vgs ; toe, Zygia calophylla (Walck.), al partem,= Hucharia atrica, C. L. Koch, 1844.—Europe.
ZYGIELLA, nom. nov. for Zygia, preoccupied by Fabricius for Coleoptera, 1775.
I here propose the name Zygiella in the place of Zygia, with Z. atrica (C. L. Koch) male, Deutsch. Ins. Heft 123 (17), as the type.
Type, Zygiella atrica (C. L. Koch), 1844,= Ar. calophylla, Walck., ad partem.
Nucrosia, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 236 (1864).
Ten species were originally referred to this genus which were included in the two subgenera Meta, C. L. Koch, and Zilla, C. L. Koch. Simon evidently intended the name to be applied to a group embracing these two genera of Kochi’s ; but so far as the selection of types is concerned, a subgenus and genus rank together on equal terms as groups, without reference to their relative systematic importance. ‘Thorell considers that Nuctobia is not needed because the species included fall under either Meta or Zilla. But since it is impossible to say what future subdivisions may or may not be made, it is sater to ascertain the type of Nuctobia ; for if a new genus were ever founded upon one or other of the species originally included under it, this name would have to be revived, It is not a “ generic nomen nudum,” and there- fore has a type species belonging to it.
‘The type species of the two earlier subgenera having been ascertained, then the type of Nuctobia will be looked for amongst the residue left in.
The species originally included are the following :— (1) Meta fusea, Walck., Europe; (2) I. albomaculata, Lucas,
16 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A Revision
Algiers; (3) Zilla calophylla, Walck., France; (4) Z. atrica, C. L. Koch, Europe; (5) Z. acalypha, Walck., Europe ; (6) Z. diodia, Walck., Europe; (7) Z. tnclinata, Walck., Kurope; (8) Z. albimaculata, C, L. Koch, Germany ; (9) Z. geniste, C. L. Koch, Germany; (10) Z. antriada, Walck., France.
Of these, fusca, Walck., and antriada, Walck. (which are, sec. Thorell and Simon, identical), are no longer available for selection, the former being the type of Meta; while a/bimacu- lata, C. L. Koch, a misquotation for albimacula, is the type of Zilla and is identical with Z. diodia (Walck.). I am not able to find that any of the remaining six species have been withdrawn under new genera (for geniste, C. L. K.,=acalypha, Walck., was not originally included under JMangora, O. P. Cambr.), or that any type has ever been selected for the genus; and | therefore cite number (3) calophylla, Walck. (=a#-notata, Clerck), as distinct from number (4) Z. atrica, Koch, as the type ot Nuctobia.
Type, Nuctodia calophylla, Walck. (ad partem=2-notata, Clerck=/tterata, Olivier, the last name having priority, since Clerck’s names have been dropped).
LeucauGe, Darwin, in White, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. vil. p. 473 (1841).
A single species was referred to this genus by Darwin in his MSS.—Leucauge argyrobapta, the specific name being conferred by White. Adam White distinctly says that the generic name was proposed by Darwin, and he gives part of Darwin’s original description of the spider, with an account of its web and habit—a horizontal orb-web, with a tangle of cross-threads above and below, the spider hanging underneath the former, its red spots shining like “aruby with a bright light behind it.” No one who has ever been in a tropical Brazilian forest will hesitate one moment in recog- nizing this as a species of the Argyroepetra group of Emerton.
One feels sorry at the necessity of sacrificing so beautiful a name for the ugly one Leucauge proposed by Darwin, but priority lies with the latter. ,
Type, Leucauge argyrobapta, White, 1811.—Rio Janeiro.
ARIADNE, Doleschall, Natuurkundig Tijdsch. voor Ned. Ind. xiil. p. 410 (1857). A single species was originally referred to this name :—
A. flagellum, Dol., p. 411. : For this gencric name was substituted by Thorell (Europ.
of the Genera of the Aranee. 17
Spid. p.63, 1869) Aréamnes, on the ground that it was identical with Ariadna, Aud. in Sav.; but this action is no longer admitted as valid by systematists—cf. Attus (Arachnida) and Atta (Hymenoptera), both names being now accepted. Ariadne is, however, preoccupied by Horsfall for Lepido- ptera, 1829. Type, Ariadne flagellum, Doleschall, 1857.—Amboina.
LAGENICOLA, P. Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 816 (1864).
A single species only was originally referred to this genus :— LI. Doumerct (Walck.).—Bois de Boulogne.
Both Walckenaer and Simon evidently mistook the identity of this spider in referring it to the group Aétus, as Simon himself points out in Ar. Fr. iv. p. 299. It is perfectly evident from Walckenaer’s description of the cocoon (Ins, Apt. i. p. 425) and from Simon’s remark—‘‘ Coque en forme de bouteille”—and from his drawing on page 322 op. cit,, that the species is really an Agraca.
The question is which species, for the name Doumerct must be retained and one or other species referred to it, according to the rules of nomenclature. Walckenaer says: *“trouvée vers le milieu de juin au bois de Boulogne, dans le pare de Madrid, par le Docteur Doumerce.”
Simon (Ar. Fr. iv. pp. 302,304) says that both the species Agreca Haglundi, Thor., and Agrwca brunnea, Blk., are found in the environs of Paris—the former being “ trés com- mune dans les bois des environs de Paris,” the latter being “beaucoup moins commune que la précédente.”’
I here reserve the name Doumerct for Haglundi, Thorell, the first name of course having precedence. The type of Agreca is A, linotina (C. L. Koch),= A. brunnea, Blackw., so that Lagenicola becomes a synonym of Agraca, Westring, 1862.
Type, Lagenicola Doumerct (Walck.).—Europe.
Trecuona, C. L. Koch, Uebersicht, v. p. 74 (1850).
Six species were originally included under this name :— (1) Mygale zebra, Walck., C. L. Koch, Die Arachn. ix. p. 60, fig. 729; (2) Ml. bistriata, C. L. Koch, v. p. 16, fig. 347; (3) M. ineana, C. L. Koch, ix. p. 70, fig. 735; (4) MM. tc- tertca, C. L. Koch, v. p. 22, fig. 351; (5) M. lycostformis, C. L. Koch, ix. p. $5, fig. 745; (6) ML. drassiformis, C. L. Koch, ix. p. 69, fig. 734.
The genus was first broken up by Simon, who in 1864 removed MM. zebra, Walck., and MM. drassiformis, C, L. Koch,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ix. 2
18 Mr. F. P. Cambridge—A Revision
under his new genus Peztony# (Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 68). 41. ae- terica, C. L. Koch, was removed under Brachythele by Ausserer in 1871 (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 173), and in the same publication he limits T'rechona to M. zebra and M. lyco- sijormis, the latter being included doubtfully— Hierher gehirt vielleicht hoch.” JZ. zebra, however, was no longer available under Trechona, and cannot possibly be the type, since it had already been removed by Simon; so that M. ly- cosiformis remains as the type, for it was originally included in the genus, and, doubttully or otherwise, was definitely referred by Ausserer to 7rechona in his limitation, an action which is quite valid, since he founded a new genus at the time out of the species originally included.
Simon, in Hist. Nat. Ar. (2) i. p. 179, selected J. venosa (Latreille) =zebra, Walck., as the type, sinking his own genus Peztonyx.
Type, Trechona lycosiformis (C. L. Koch).—Brazil.
Przionyx, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 68 (1864).
Four species were originally referred to this genus:— (1) Mygale zebra, Walck., Brazil; (2) Diplura macrura, Koch, St. Juan; (8) Trechona drassiformis, Koch (pumilio, Walck.), St. Thomas; (4) Mygale guyanensis, Walck., Guiana.
Of these macrura had already been occupied as the type of Diplura, C. L. Koch (Uebersicht, v. p. 75, 1850).
‘This genus has never, so far as J am aware, been broken up, nor have any of the species been removed to any new genera founded on them. The reference of one or more of them to Trechona and other genera by authors does not in- volve any valid process of elimination or limitation.
The type, then, remains to be selected, and I here select P. zebra (Walck.) =P. venosa (Latreille) as the type.
Type, Pezionyx zebra (Walck.) =P. venosa (Latreille).— Brazil.
S1GALoéssA, Templeton, in Blackw. Sp. Gt. Bt. & Ix. pt. ii. p. 198 (1864); MS. History of Inish Arachnida. Blackwall publishes Templeton’s species Sigalvéssa aurata under Theridion auratum. Type, Stgaloéssa aurata, Templeton, 1864.—Ireland. Srvamorvs, Templeton, in Blackwall, Sp. Gt. Bt. & Ir. pt. ii. p. 198 (1864); MS. History of Irish Arachnida, Blackwall publishes Templeton’s species Sinamorus hema- tostigma under Theridion hamatostigma.
of the Genera of the Aranex. 1g
Type, Sinamorus hemutostigm1, Lempleton, 1864.—
Ireland.
Aonatus, Templeton, in Blackw. Spid. Gt. Bt. & Ir. pt. ii. p. 237 (1864); MS. History of Irish Arachnida. Blackwall publishes ‘'empleton’s species Mobatus nasatus
under Linyphia nasata. Type, 4obatus nasatus, Templeton, 1864.—lIreland.
Myaarus, Templeton, in Blackw. Spid. Gt. Bt. & Iv. pt. ii. p. 283 (1864); MS. History of Irish Arachnida.
Blackwall publishes Templeton’s species Myagrus pilosus
under Neriene pilosa. Type, Myagrus pilosus, Templeton, 1854.—Ireland.
XENOPHONUS, Templeton, in Blackw. Spid. Gt. Bt. & Ir. pt. ii. p. 283 (1864) ; MS. History of Irish Arachnida.
Blackwall publishes Templeton’s species Xenophonus palli-
du/us under Neritene pallidula. Type, Xenophonus pallidulus, 'Templeton, 1864.—TIreland.
Crrocius, Templeton, in Blackw. Spid. Gt. Bt. & Iv. pt. ii. p- 284 (1864); MS. History of Irish Arachnida, Blackwall publishes Templeton’s species Ceroclus carinatus
under Neriene carinata. Type, Ceroclus carinatus, Templeton, 1864.—Ireland.
Amaurostus, C. L. Koch, Deutsch. Ins. (Panzer), Heft 141, 5, 6 (Oct. 1st, 1836) (sec. Index Animalium, MS.).
This date, 1st October, 1836, appears on the cover of the above work with the species quoted which were published at the time. The ‘ Uebersicht,’ C. L. Koch (erstes Heft), in which the genus Amaurobius occurs, was published, according to the cover, in 1837. It is probable that the ‘ Uebersicht’ was written first because Amaurobius roscidus and tigrinus are there published as new species, whereas in the Deutsch, Ins. they are referred to the author (Koch). But, whether or no, the Deutsch. Ins. was published first. _
Two species were originally included in this genus :— A. tigrinus, Koch, and A. roscidus, Koch, _
The first species (which, sec. Thorell and Simon, = Clubiona sazatilis, Blackwall, and=Drassus atropos, Walckenaer) was withdrawn in 1840 under Cavator by Blackwall (Proc.
D)*
29 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new
Linn. Soc. i. p. 66), leaving A. roscidus in as the type. This species has been identified by Thorell (1873) as Drassus segestriformis, Dufour, 1820 ; and this specific name therefore has priority, for though it is doubtful what species segestr- formis really is, we must take the first identification as correct.
Type, Amaurobius roscidus, C. lL. Koch,=Drassus seges- triformis, Dufour, 1820.—Kurope.
Cavator, Blackwall, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. p. 66 (1810).
A single species was originally referred to this genus :— Clubiona saxatilis, Blackwall. ;
The name Cavator becomes a synonym of Amaurobius, if A. segestriformis (Duf.) and A. atropos (Walck.) are regarded as congeneric.
Type, Cavator sazxatilis (Blackwall)=Drassus atropos, Walckenaer, 1830.—Europe.
CrintF_o, Blackwall, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 229 (1840).
A single species was originally referred to this genus :— Clubiona atrox, Latreille.
Since the name Amaurobius has now been restored to its original signification the name Cini/lo must also be restored, and under it will be included the species which have usually been referred to Amaurobtus.
Type, Cinijlo atrox (Latreille) = Aranea fenestralis, Stroem. —Europe.
Ca ores, Blackwall, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 618 (1841) A single species was originally referred to this genus, Drassus saxatilis, Blackwall—a species which had already been referred to the genus Cavator by Blackwall. The name Celotes therefore becomes a synonym of Cavator, both being now synonyms of Amaurobius.
Type, Celotes saxatilis (Blackwall) =Drassus atropos, Walckenaer, 1830.—Europe.
{11.—New Genera and Species of Coccide, with Notes on known Species. By T. D. A. COCKERELL,
ALL measurements of legs, antenna, &e. are in wp. The tarsus is measured without the claw.
Ttipersia sporoboli, sp. n.
?.—24 millim. long, 1 broad; much elongated, broad
Genera and Species of Coccide. 21
posteriorly, narrowing anteriorly, with the anterior end pointed, the head being the narrowest part of the whole insect ; abdomen very distinctly segmented; colour very dark purple-grey ; insect entirely covered by a white cottony secretion, in which are laid many pale pinkish eggs, which are rather more elongate than is usual in the genus.
Whole insect very free from hairs, except the caudal region, which is quite hairy. Legs not hairy. No noticeable caudal tubercles nor especially large caudal bristles. Hairs of anal ring six, about 75 long. Labium very short and broad, length 60, breadth 78. Middle leg with femur + trochanter 108, tibia 60, tarsus 45; width of femur 33. This is from a female which had laid eggs; another, containing embryos, had femur+trochanter 99, tibia 42, tarsus 42; width of femur 27. It would seem that an immature form of leg may last until a very late period.
Antenne 192 w apart, six-jointed, joints measuring: (1) 24- 30, (2) 27, (3) 24-380, (4) 18, (5) 21-27, (6) 45-51.
$ —Dark-coloured, about 430 long (when dry) ; antenna normal; wings long, length about 800. The only male found was dead and shrivelled.
Hab. On stems of Sporobolus depauperatus (Torrey), this grass kindly identified for me by Mr. H. D. Merrill. Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, New Mexico, Oct. 5, 1901.
The antenna are remarkably small and resemble in measurements those of £. serrata or the penultimate stage of fh. viridula; but these insects are in other respects very different.
In all things 2. sporobol’ is most nearly related to R. fes- tuce, Kuwana. For purposes of comparison I have made the following measurements of an example of festuce having 6-jointed antenne, received from Mr. Kuwana :—
Ripersia festuce, Kuwana, 1901.
Labium 72 long, 90 broad. Middle leg: femur +tro- chanter 180, tibia 120, tarsus 66. Antennal segments: (1) 42, (2) 45, (3) 54, (4) 27, (5) 33, (6) 75. This species is found in California.
Dactylopius salinus, sp. n.
9 —Grey, with some white secretion ; six caudal tassels and two cephalic ones. Boiled in liquor potasse turns crimson ; legs and antenne ferruginous. Mounted specimen about 2830 long, 1350 broad. Skin with numerous small round glands and a very few hairs; no distinct caudal
22 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new
tubercles ; bristles of anal ring very short, about 42 long ; caudal bristles very short, not or hardly longer than the spines; legs quite hairy ; claw with no denticle on inner side ; claw-digitules filiform.
Middle leg: femur+trochanter 255, tibia 195, tarsus 75 ; width of femur 57.
Labium dimerous, long and narrow; length 135, breadth 75.
Antenne 8-jointed, about 285 apart; measurements of joints: (1) 60, (2) 54-60, (3) 51-54, (4) 36, (5) 39-42, (6) 39-45, (7) 86-39, (8) 75-78.
Larve in female very long and narrow: length 396, breadth 162. Halt-grown examples are still long and narrow : length 1500, breadth 660.
Hab. On grass on cliffs by the sea, La Jolla, California, Aug. 6, 1901.
A distinct species, having the shape of a Pergandiella when young. It resembles D. aphyllonis and D. quercus in the red colour it gives on boiling, but otherwise it is quite distinct. The antenne come nearest to D. neomewicanus.
Dactylopius neomexicanus, Tinsley, var. B.
? .—Pale dull yellowish, covered with a mealy secretion ; segmentation conspicuous; no lateral tassels; quite hairy ; caudal tubercles well-marked, with bristles about 180 long ; bristles of anal ring about 90 long. Middle leg: femur+ trochanter 180, tibia 120, tarsus 66. Antennal segments: (1) 39, (2) 39, (3) 33-35, (4) 21-24, (5) 24-27, (6) 24-27, (7) 27, (8) 72.
Immature form.—Antennex’ 6-jointed: (1) 30, (2) 30, (3) 42, (4) 21, (5) 21, (6) 63. Joint 3 is inclined to be divided into two, measuring 28 and 14; joint 5 is cup-shaped.
Middle leg: temur+trochanter 105, tibia 66, tarsus 62. The legs are quite stout, the breadth of the middle femur being 57 to 60, of middle tibia 33. The anterior legs are by no means so broad.
Hab. Crowded at extreme base of stem of some Composite plant, apparently Lr/yeron. Beulah, New Mexico, 8000 feet (Wilmatte P. Cockerell).
This is possibly a distinct species, but the antenne are practically as in neomextcanus, and the same may be said of the legs. ‘The immature form has legs much like a Ripersta (except in the proportions of tibia and tarsus), and its an- tennee closely resemble those of R. candidata and R. confu- sella, though in these two joint 5 is always longer than 4. It seems that L’/persia is certainly a more primitive type
> = Oe 4 ieee
Genera and Spectes of Coccide. 23
than Dactylopius, the latter passing through a Ripersia-stage in the course of its development.
Eriococcus Palmert, Ckll., var. a.
2? .—Without ovisac very dark red, with white bristles at sides posteriorly ; dorsum not bristly; antenne and legs ferruginous. Ovisac pure white, about 3 millim. long, often smaller.
Largest dermal spines 48 long. Front leg with femur+ trochanter 174, tibia 102, tarsus 117; hind leg with femur + trochanter 192, tibia 120, tarsus 129; claw with a minute denticle near tip. Caudal tubercles about 90 long, 60 broad at base. Antenne 6-jointed, formula 3 (12) 6 45, or 3 (6 2 1) (45). Segments: (1) 30, (2) 30, (3) 75, (4) 21-24, (5) 21, (6) 27-30.
Hab, La Jolla, California, Aug. 7, 1901, clustered on twigs of Eriogonum fasciculatum, Bentham.
E. Palmeri is new to the U.S. fauna,
Cissococcus, gen. nov.
Belongs to the Eriococcinit. Larva typically Eriococcine, with rows of dorsal spines and prominent caudal tubercles ; legs slender, claw very long; anal ring with long bristles ; antenne 6-jointed, last joint short, third longest. Adult living in a cup-shaped gall; mouth-parts minute but well developed ; legs and antennez rudimentary; anal region strongly chiti- nous, with a pair of plates simulating those of the Lecaniine.
Type C. Fullerc. Cissococcus Fullert, sp. n.
Galls in clusters on branches of Cissus cunetfolia; gall cup-shaped, with the top flat, with a minute central orifice. Diameter of gall about 6 millim., height 5 millim.
2? .—Produces a small amount of cottony secretion. Skin colourless, with numerous small dark chitinous protuberances ; a few hairs and cireular glands, the latter having lines radia- ting from a central circle, or (differently focussed) ten dots arranged around a central dot. ‘Trachew and spiracles large and prominent. Mouth-parts minute but well developed. Legs rudimentary, about 105 w long, stout, with the claw and digitules well developed; tarsus extremely short, much broader than long. Anal region dark, strongly chitinous, with an elongated-oval structure, pointed apically, consisting of two contiguous plates, which are covered with tubercles bearing stout bristles, recalling the armature of a pine-apple.
24 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new
This is set in a deep oval cavity, open posteriorly, the edges of which are strongly chitinized. ‘lhe contiguous edges of the plates towards the base have a wavy outline, the con- vexities of one side fitting the concavities of the other.
Embryonic larva bright crimson after boiling in liquor potasse.
Hab. Umquahumbi Valley, 8. Africa (Claude Fuller).
It is infested by a dipterous parasite, the puparia of which were found in the galls.
Pseudolecanium digitatum, sp. n.
9 .—Pyriform, with the hind end pointed ; about 2} millim. long; dark ferruginous, shiny, producing some cottony material. End of abdomen strongly chitinized, with the form usual in the genus. The diagnostic characters, as in all species of the genus, are derived mainly from the larva, the female being a mere bag of eggs.
Larva extremely long and narrow, length 600, breadth 160 p. Anterior extremity truncate, crenulate, with six short, blunt, finger-tip-like spines; a row of fifteen blunt spines down each side of body; no dorsal spines ; legs well developed, anterior tibia 60, its tarsus 39 w long; the tibia has a constriction about 27 from base, making it look almost 2-jointed, this being more or less apparent on all the legs ; tarsal digitules long, with small knobs ; claw-digitules shorter, filiform, knobbed. Antenne 24 apart at base and 30 pw from anterior end of head; 6-jointed, joints measuring: (1) 18, (2) 12, (3) 27-33, (4) 20, (5) 21, (6) 30. Anal ring small, circular, without bristles on its margin, but posterior to it are set four bristles, of which the inner two are shortest ; anterior to anal ring is a row of four finger-like blunt spines ; on each side is a caudal bristle, about 1$0 w long, and beyond each of these a pair of finger-like spines; anterior to and a little Jaterad of each caudal bristle is a small round gland. The last two segments have each a pair of bristles on the ventral surface, those on the last being twice as long as those on the penultimate segment.
Hab. On leaves of grass, Richmond, Natal (Claude Fuller, no. 2). It has a Chalcidid parasite.
The genus Pseudolecanium is new to Africa.
EPICOCCUS, gen. nov.
Belongs to the Dactylopiini. Anal ring without hairs. Adult female with legs and antenne well developed ; antennx 6-jointed, cylindrical, last joint long.
Genera and Species of Coccide. 25
Type Epicoccus acacie ( Coccus acacie, Maskell, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxix. p. 319). Australian.
This is near the stem-form from which Spherococcus must have been derived.
LuZULASPIS, n. n. Signoretia, Targioni-Tozzetti; not of Stal, 1860. Type Luzulaspis luzule (Aspidiotus luzule, L. Dufour ; Signoretia clypeata, Targ.). Kuropean.
Phenacaspis natalensis, sp. n.
? .—Scale white, about 3 millim. long, pyriform; exuvix pale orange-brown.
Five groups of cireumgenital glands ; median of 10, ante- rior laterals 22-26, posterior laterals 19-26. Anal and genital apertures opposite. Median lobes large, widely diverging, broader than long, the long inner margin strongly serrulate ; their bases well apart, the space occupied by the usual pair of short spines. Second lobe represented by three elongated and rounded lobules, the first of which is largest and bears a spine. ‘Third lobe represented by a very long narrow lobule bearing a spine, followed by a broad and much shorter lobule, and then a very broad serrulate lobule, having its outer slope much the longest. The fourth lobe is repre- sented by a triangular lobule bearing a spine and two slight swellings of the margin, too slight to be called lobules.
gd .—WNcale feebly tricarinate or barely keeled at all.
Hab. Durban, Natal, abundant on underside of leaves of mango (Claude Fuller, no. 25).
Closely allied to Phenacaspis chinensis (Chionaspis chi- nensis, Ckll. Rep. Cal. Bd. Hort. v. p. 37), but the median lobes are more sloping. Of the Ceylon species described by Green it comes nearest to Phenacaspis megaloba (Chionaspis megaloba, Green, ‘ Coccidx of Ceylon,’ pt. 11. 1899) ; but mega- loba has two lobules in place of the slight swellings of the fourth lobe described above, and differs also in the position of the anal and genital orifices.
Hemichionaspis cyanogena, Okll., 1901. A new locality is Verulam, Natal (fuller, no. 18),
Odonaspis secretus, var. Greenti, nov.
Aspidiotus secretus, Green, Coccidz of Ceylon, pt. i. p. 64. (Had. Ceylon.)
Green and Maskell have pointed out distinctions between
26 Mr. A. E. Verrill on the
the Ceylon and Japan forms of O. seeretus, but unfortunately a varietal name (/obulata, Maskell) has been applied to the Japanese insect, which is the true secretus.
Monophlebus Championi, sp. n.
Monophlebus sp., Ckll., Biol. Centr.-Amer., Coccide (1899), p. 3, middle
of page.
This name is proposed for the species described in the place cited from a male, having only four fleshy processes on the abdomen. It was hoped that the female might be obtained ; but as this now seems unlikely, it is best to give a name toa species so strongly distinguished.
Cryptophyllaspis Riibsaament, sp. n.
Gall small, cylindrical, about 2 millim, long, thickly clus- tered on leaves of Codiceum.
?.—Orange, oblong, caudal end sunken, overlapped at the sides by lobiform projections; no circumgenital glands ; anal orifice broad-oval, about 17 uw long, and distant about 39 w from bases of median lobes ; lobes and squames formed as in C. occultus (Green) ; three pairs of lobes, not even the median ones darkened in the least; median lobes slightly notched on each side; squames narrow and pointed, strongly fringed; beyond the third lobe are three double squames, each having the appearance of two squames united basally ; spines small,
Hab. Bismarck Archipelago; received from Mr. E. H. Riibsaamen.
I sent a copy of the description to Mr. Riibsaamen, to be published in connexion with his studies of galls, but it seems desirable that it should also appear in a paper devoted to Coccidee.
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.,
Oct. 31, 1901.
1V.— The “* Cahow” of the Bermudas, an Extinct Bird. By A. E. VERRILL.
DurinG my two recent visits to Bermuda I made special investigations in regard to the history and identity of the “cahow” or “cohowe,” a bird described by the earliest settlers as very abundant and easily captured, so that its flesh and eggs were largely used as food. Indeed, had it not
“ Cahow” of the Bermudas. 27
been for this source of food-supply in winter, it is probable that many of the early shipwrecked crews and first settlers would have died of starvation. Good accounts of the bird and its habits were written by two of the party wrecked on these islands with Sir George Somers in 1609. Other pub- lished accounts were written by some of the earliest settlers, especially by the Rev. Lewis Hughes and Governor Butler, 1614 to 1621. See Lefroy’s ‘ Memorials’ and the ‘ Historye of the Bermudaes,’ by Nathaniel Butler (not by John Smith, as supposed by the editor).
The islands were settled in 1612, and in 1616 this bird had become nearly extinct, as stated by Governor Butler. This was largely due to the famine of 1615, when 150 starving people were sent by Governor More “in the be- ginning of the newe yeare” to Cooper’s Island, which was one of the principal breeding-places, to feed on the birds and their eggs or young (for they bred in December and January, when other birds could not be obtained). These famished people, according to Mr. Hughes and Governor Butler, were inordinately gluttonous, and killed and ate the birds in vast and wasteful numbers, so that many persons soon became ill, and some died of surfeit. This caused their subse- quent removal to Port Royal, where they had to live largely on fish; but still they could get some of the birds from “ the adjacent islands.” ‘This statement indicates that the cahow bred also on some of the islands in Great Sound.
The following extracts from the ‘ Historye of the Ber- mudaes,’ by Governor Nathaniel Butler, written about 1619, relates to the famine of 1615, and shows some of the causes of the very rapid extermination of the birds :—
“ Whilst this Pinnace was on her way for England, scarcetie and famine every day more and more prevayleinge upon the sickly colony, caused the governour to look well about him; in the beginning of the newe yeare, therefore (1615), 150 persons, of the most ancient, sick, and weake, wer sent into Coopers Iland, ther to be relieved by the comeinge in of the sea-birds, especially the Cahowes, wher, by this half hunger-starved company, they are found in infinite numbers, and with all so tame and amazed they are, that upon the least howeteinge or noyce, they would fall downe, and light upon tlieir shoulders as they went, and leggs as they satt, suffering themselves to be caught faster than they could be killed.
“ Wittnesse the generall carriage and behaviour of this company, who being thus arrived and gott up to a libertie and choice of eateing as much as they would, how monstrous
28 Mr. A. E. Verrill on the
was it to see, how greedily everything was swallowed downe ; how incredible to speake, how many dozen of thoes poore silly creatures, that even offered themselves to the slaughter, wer tumbled downe into their bottomlesse mawes: wherupon (as the sore effect of so ranck a cause, the birds with all being exceedeingly fatt) then sodenly followed a generall surfettinge, much sicknesse, and many of their deathes.”
In the next year (1616) a law was passed, “ but overlate,” to prevent the ‘‘spoyle and havock of the cahowes and other birds.”? Cooper’s Island, Castle Island, and several smaller islands, where it probably bred, were fortified and garrisoned from 1612 to 1620, and this was, without doubt, another important factor in its extermination.
The act of 1616 is thus referred to in Governor Butler’s ‘ Historye’ :—
‘In the same moneth he held his second generall Assize at St. George’s, as irregularly as the first, wherein not any matter of note was handled, only a proclamation (or rather article, as it was then tearmed) was published (but overlate) against the spoyle and havock of the cahowes, and other birds, which already wer almost all of them killed and scared awaye very improvidently by fire, diggeinge, stoneinge, and all kinds of murtheringes.”
It was probably entirely extinct by 1625 or earlier, and it
seems to have been entirely forgotten by the natives for over 200 years. Mr. J. L. Hurdis, in 1849, thought that he had rediscovered it breeding on Gurnet Head Rock, for he found a few pairs of “dusky shearwaters” (probably Puffinus Auduloni) breeding there in crevices of the rocks. But the cahow was certainly not a shearwater. None of the early accounts apply to the shearwater, in respect to size, colour, habits, &c. Moreover, the flesh and eggs of the bird are described as of excellent flavour, which is not the case with the shearwaters, all of which have such a strong, oily, and musky flavour that they are inedible. Moreover, the cahow bred chiefly in holes in the soil, “like conyes in a warren.” It laid one large white egg, “like a henne’s egg’’ in size, colour, and flavour.
The early writers describe another nocturnal sea-bird that they called the “ pimlico,” from its note; but it was not eaten by the settlers. This was, without much doubt, the shearwater found by Mr. Hurdis. This name is still used by the native fishermen for the shearwater.
Some writers have been misled as to the breeding-place of the cahow, in consequence of the name of the small, high, almost inaccessible, bare island, now often called ‘ Gurnet
“ Cahow” of the Bermudas. 29
Rock,” but formerly called Gurnet Head Rock, as it was named on the map made before 1622 by Norwood. This island was thus called because it lies in front of “ Gurnet Head,” a high cliff on Castle Island, on which a fort, now in ruins, was built about 1615. This name occurs in Governor Butler’s ‘Historye,’ written about 1619-1620, as well as on Norwood’s map of 1622.
This name, it appears, does not refer to that of a bird (the gannet), which several writers have imagined to have been one of the old names given to the calow, in consequence of contusing it with the real gannet; but there is no evidence whatever to support that view. Probably Mr. Hurdis was also misled by the name of this rock when he supposed that the cahow could be found breeding on it. There is no reason whatever for supposing that it ever has bred there, even in the earliest times, for there 7s no soil on the summit in which the cahow could have made its nests, as I ascertained by a personal examination this year. Cooper’s Island is the only particular place that the early writers mentioned by name as a breeding-place of the cahow, though they say it bred on several of the smaller uninhabited islands. ‘The soil is deep on some parts of Cooper’s Island, and at present is filled with the holes of large land-crabs, where it is not cultivated. Possibly the cahow may have made use of the deserted holes of the crabs for its nests, instead of making new ones. Cooper’s Island contains about 77 acres, so that there was room enough there, before it was settled, for a large colony of these birds. Governor Butler wrote (about 1619) that at the time of the 1615 famine “they are found in infinite numbers,” breeding there. It may yet be possible to find the bones of the cahow by excavations made in suitable places on Cooper’s Island, but the best of the soil has long been cultivated. We made excavations for this purpose on Castle Island and Goat Island, both long uninhabited, but without suecess, though we found bones of other birds, many fishes, two human skeletons, gun-flints, and various old relics, due to their ancient garrisons. Castle Island was again garrisoned during the war of 1812, after long disuse.
What may be said of the bird can be briefly summarized as follows :—
1. The cahow is an extinct web-footed sea-bird, unknown to ornithologists. It rapidly became extinct over 250 years ago, as the direct result of the occupation of the islands on which it bred by the earliest settlers.
2. It was not a shearwater, nor like any other known member of the petrel family. It may have been related to
30 On the “ Cahow” of the Bermudas.
the auks (Alcide), some of which have similar white eggs and burrowing habits, and are edible.
3. It was strictly nocturnal in its habits. It flew only at night and made a “strange hollow and harsh howling” and a loud call, from which its name (cahow) was given. It came readily to persons imitating its note, and could then be easily taken by the hand, in the night.
4, It had good powers of flight, but could also run about on the ground without difficulty. It was very tame and unsuspicious. .
5. It laid generally, if not always, in burrows in the soil, a single large white egg, of good flavour, like a hen’s egg in size and taste.
6. It arrived at the Bermudas in October and remained till about the first of June (Hughes).
7. It laid its eggs in December and January, “in the coldest months of the year.”” In this respect it differed from all other sea-birds of the northern hemisphere. Therefore it probably spent its summer south of the equator, or else it was a local pelagic species that remained constantly at sea in summer, perhaps not far away.
8. In size it was compared to a “ pigeon” and to a “ green plover ” and to a “ partridge.” Therefore its egg must have been very large in comparison with the size of the body of the bird. The large number of birds said to have been eaten at a meal also indicates a rather small bird.
9. It had a strong hooked bill and could bite viciously. No mention was made of its ejecting oily or other matter from its bill for defence, as do the petrels.
10. Its colour was “ russet-brown” on the back; its quill- feathers were russet-brown and white; its belly was white (Strachy).
In this combination of characters it differs from all known birds.
The following graphic account of the bird and its habits was written by Mr. W. Strachy, one of the party of 150 persons who were wrecked with Sir George Somers in tlie “Sea Venture,’ July, 1609 :—
“A kinde of webbe-footed Fowle there is, of the bignesse of an English greene Plover, or Sea-Meawe, which all the Summer we saw not, and in the darkest nights of November and December (for in the night they onely feed) they would come forth, but not flye farre from home, and hovering in the ayre, and over the Sea, made a strange hollow and harsh howling. They call it of the ery which it maketh, a Cohow. Their colour is inclining to Russet, with white bellies, as are
ae
On Butterflies from British East Africa, 31
likewise the long feathers of their wings, Russet and White, these gather themselves together and breed in those Ilands which are high, and so farre alone into the Sea, that the Wilde Hogges cannot swimme over them, and there in the ground they have their Burrowes, like Conyes in a Warren, and so brought in the loose Mould, though not so deepe ; which Birds with a light bough in a darke night (as in our Lowbelling) wee caught, I have beene at the taking of three hundred in an houre, and wee might have laden our Boates. Our men found a prettie way to take them, which was by standing on the Rockes or Sands by the Sea-side, and hollowing, laughing, and making the strangest outcry that possibly they could; with the noyse whereof the Birds would come flocking to that place, and settle upon the very armes and head of him that so eryed, and still creepe neerer and neerer, answering the noyse themselves; by which our men would weigh them with their hand, and which weighed heaviest they took for the best and let the others alone, and so our men would take twentie dozen in two houres of the chiefest of them; and they were a goodand well relished Fowle, fat and full as a Partridge. In January wee had great store of their Egges, which are as great as a Hennes Egge, and so fashioned and white shelled and have no difference in yolke nor white trom an Hennes Egge. ‘There are thousands of these Birds, and two or three [lands full of their Burrowes, whether at any time (in two houres warning) wee could send our Cockboat, and bring home as many as would serve the whole Company : which Birds for their blindnesse (for they see weakly in the day) and for their ery and whooting, wee
called the Sea Owle ; they will bite cruelly with their crooked Bills.”
V.—On a small Collection of Butterflies made by C. Stuart Bettun in British East Africa. By A. G. Buruer, Ph.D.
THE following species were received this year from Mr. Bet- ton, collected at E. Quaso, Masai, in October 1900.
Nymphalide. 1. Melanitis solandra, Fabr. 2. Neocenyra Gregorit, Butler. 3. Precis Gregorii, § 3 3 2, Butler.
The female of this species was new to me; it 1s interesting
32 Dr. A. G. Butler on
from the fact that it shows the short excavation of the outer margin to the primaries characteristic of P. stygia, but, on the other hand, has a much less angular and less irregular margin to the secondaries. Neither sex could by any possi- bility be confounded with the Western species.
4, Precis tereoides, Butler.
Lycenide.
5. Axtocerses harpax, Fabr.
Papilionide. 6. Mylothris Jacksont, 8 3 2, EK. M. Sharpe. 7. Terias brigitta, Cramer. 8. Papilio phorcas ¢ , Cramer. 9. Papilio Mackinnon’, Ki. M. Sharpe. 10. Papilio bromius, Doubl. 11. Papilio Jacksont ¢ , EK. M. Sharpe.
Hesperiide.
12. Celenorrhinus opalinus ? , Butler.
13. Celenorrhinus Bettont, sp. n.
3. Above this species bears a remarkable resemblance, both in the disposition of its markings and general coloration, to the Indian C. ambareesa* ; the tint of the wings, including the hyalme markings, is slightly more yellow, and the fringes are chequered with ochreous. On the undersurface this species shows its African character, being coloured and marked more nearly in the manner of C. galenus: the primaries are deep chocolate-brown irrorated with ochreous; the basal half of costal area ochreous; the hyaline markings are edged with ochreous, the three larger ones forming part of an oblique central belt commencing in the ochreous costal streak and terminating in a quadrate ochreous patch near outer margin on interno-median area; theinternal area is ochraceous whitish: secondaries bright deep ochreous; the base, including the basal two thirds of discoidal cell, an irregular (key-pattern) band from costa to submedian vein crossing the end of the cell, the apical two thirds of costa, an irregular discal band
* Figured in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. liii. pl. x. fig. 9 (1883).
butterflies from British East Africa, 33
barely traceable in the centre, but forming large quadrate spots at its extremities, and an uneven series of large, more or less quadrate, marginal spots, dusky greyish ; veins termi- nating in black-brown spots on the fringe: body below dusky, clothed with yellow hair, the tibie and tarsi ochreous below; venter with pale yellowish bands, ochreous at anal extremity.
Expanse of wings 38 millim.
The female has all the dusky markings on the under surface replaced by distinct chocolate-brown, so that the character of the secondaries approaches somewhat nearer in aspect to that of some of the Oriental species.
One pair, 27th October.
14. Acleros Mackenii, Trimen.
15. Cyclopides metis, Linn.
16. Kedestes? mirandus, sp. n.
9. Most like K. fenestratus on the upper surface, but the fringes sandy brown; the hyaline spots below the end of the cell larger, placed less obliquely, and only divided by the blackish second median branch; the interno-median spot larger, ochreous; the subapical spots larger, the uppermost spot minute, opaque, ochreous ; the discoidal cell and internal area of secondaries clothed with ochreous hairs. Below, there is no resemblance, the colouring reminding one of some of the smaller Geometrites of the Ennomid group: primaries blackish ; costal border ochraceous, suffused with vinous towards the base, expanding into a triangular bright ochreous patch (enclosing the hyaline spots) towards apex; the sub- apical hyaline spots with blackish external margins; the triangular patch is also partly bounded externally by an oblique blackish macular streak and by a wide terruginous brown border which tapers at each extremity ; fringe vinous brown; internal area somewhat greyish; interno-median spot whitish: secondaries bright ochreous ; the costal border, internal area, and outer border ferruginous ; four dark ferru- ginous spots on the basal third, two in the cell, the other two above and below it, forming a diamond pattern ; a large sub- costal quadrate spot, washed with lilacine and partly black- edged, beyond these, and a small bifid spot lying obliquely beyond this again; a prominent, straight, slightly tapering, dark ferruginous band from submedian vein to apex, and beyond this an imperfect dark ferruginous line partly limiting
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ix. 3
a4 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
the external border; a marginal series of small dark ferru- ginous spots; fringe vinous brown: body below ochreous.
Expanse of wings 33 millim.
One female, 26th October.
Although so dissimilar in the coloration of the under surface from any of the other types of Kedestes, ] can find no other genus of the Cyclopides group to which it seems to show so much affinity.
17. Padraona zeno, Trimen.
VI.—Rhynchotal Notes.—XI11. Heteroptera: Fam. Pyrrho- coride. By W. L. Distant.
In this communication will be found the result of an examina- tion of Walker’s descriptions relating to this family, com- mencing at page 163 of his ‘ Catalogue of Heteroptera,’ vol. v., and terminating at p. 40 of his vol. vi. of the same publica- tion. Some other species in the British Museum collection, which have been acquired during recent years, are also described.
Fam. Pyrrhocoride. Subfam. Larerz.
Genus LARGUS. Largus bilineatus.
Acinocoris bilineatus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 38. n. 3 (1878). Var. Acinocoris includens, Walk. loc. cit. n. 4.
Largus crassipes.
Largus crassipes, Stal, GEfv. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. 1861, p, 197.
Largus concisus, Walk, Cat. Het. vi. p. 88 (1875).
A very variable species in the markings to the under surface ot the abdomen. All the specimens now before me have the bases of the scutellum and corium narrowly black. Sometimes, but very seldom, the basal margins of the membrane are narrowly black.
Genus THERANEIS. Theraneis lurida, sp. nu.
Black ; antennz with the second, third, and fourth joints ochraceous; corium pale ochiaceous ; margins of membrane
ALE Tt? ee ee
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride. 35
greyish white; anterior portion of head above, lateral and posterior margins of anterior lob2 and a central longitudinal line and basal margin to posterior pronotal lobe pale greyish pubescent ; body beneath thickly greyishly pilose.
Antenne with the first joint longer than the fourth, the second a little longer than the third; posterior lobe of pro- notum very obsoletely punctate; clavus and corium coarsely punctate ; anterior femora with a long spine near apex.
Long. 10 millim.
Hab. Amazons (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to 7. pulchra, Dist., from which it differs by the different colour of the corium, greater length of the first joint of the antennz, obsolete punctuation of the posterior pronotal lobe, and the strongly punctured corium and clavus.
Theraneis spinosa, sp. n.
Black ; corium ochraceous; margins of pronotum, a trans- verse fascia at posterior margin of anterior lobe, connected centrally with posterior margin, argentaceous; body beneath silvery grey, a lateral spot on the sternal segments, a large spot on the lateral areas of the fifth abdominal segments, legs, and antenne black; apex of second joint and the whole of third and fourth joints of antenna ochraceous.
Pronotal angle produced into long, acute, backwardly directed spines; pronotum coarsely punctate; clavus and corium impunctate.
Long. 13 millim.
Hab. Amazons: Ega (Brit. Mus.).
In colour and appearance very similar to 7. lurid, Dist., but differing by the long pronotal spines, impunctate corium, &c.
Genus Ipuita, Iphita lycoides. Melamphaus lycoides, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 17. n. 12 (1873).
Allied to I. limbata, Stal; rostrum only reaching the intermediate cox; lateral margins of the pronotum less sinuate.
Genus PHYSOPELTA.
Physopelta? lateralis. Pyrrhocoris lateralis, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 172. n. 20 (1872). I have provisionally placed this small Australian species in the genus Physopelta,
2% Sth
36 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
Genus ANTILOCHUS. Antilochus Boerhavie.
Lygeus Boerhavia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 152. 57 (1794). i: Antilochus submaculatus, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 268 (1896).
The figure given of Kirby’s type (Joe. ett. pl. xii. fig. 4) is unsatisfactory, not showing the basal lateral ochraceous margin to the corium, and giving a wrong direction to the basal oblique fascia—both correctly described, however, by Kirby. It is stated by the deseriber, “ Allied to A. Boerhavie, Fabr., but very distinct.” Here Kirby had_ evidently accepted and been misled by Walker’s determination of O. Boerhavie (Cat. Het. v. p. 176), which was applied to some South-African specimens which = A. nigrocruciatus, Stal.
Antilochus discifer.
Antilochus discifer, Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 594 (1863). Melamphaus scutifer, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 16, n. 10 (1873).
Antilochus discoidalis.
Pyrrhocoris discoidalis, Burm. Nov. Act. Ac. Leop. xvi., Suppl. p. 299, t. xli. fig. 12 (1834). Dindymus discoidalis, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 6. n. 20 (1873). Var. Melamphaus angulifer, Walk. loc. cit. p. 15. n. 9. Walker apparently identified this species correctly and then redescribed it under Burmeister’s specific name.
Genus Ecratoprs. Ectatops indignus.
Dindymus indignus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 10. n. 30 (1873).
Ectatops largoides, Walk. loc. cit. p. 24. n. 12.
Abdomen beneath luteous, posterior margins of the abdo- minal segments very narrowly piceous. Apparently allied to E. erythromelas, Stal, but differing in the colour of the abdomen.
Hab. Siam.
Var.—Corium almost entirely red; basal angle and apical margin of the membrane ochraceous. Hab, Arakan.
Lctatops adustus. Ectatops adustus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 25. n. 13 (1873).
Fourth joint of antenne broadly luteous near base; rostrum reaching base of third abdominal segment.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride. 37
Ectatops costalis. Melamphaus costalis, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 14. n. 5 (1873).
Eetatops rubiaceus. Ectatops rubiaceus, Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hem. p. 273 (1843). Dindymus imitator, Walk, Cat. Het. vi. p. 7. n. 23 (1873).
Genus ASSCHINES.
Aischines bucculatus. Eschines bucculatus, Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 402 (1863). Pyrrhocoris ramosus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 172. n. 19 (1872).
Ectatops tenuicornis, Walk. loc. cit. vi. p. 25. n. 14 (1873).
Genus Euscopus. Euscopus indecorus.
Pyrrhocoris indecorus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 172. n. 18 (1872). A very small luteous spot near centre of apical margin of
corium.
EHuscopus vittiventris. Pyrrhocoris vittiventris, Walk, Cat. Het. v. p. 171. n. 16 (1872).
Genus STICTAULAX.
Stictaulax circumspecta. Stictaulax circumspecta, Stal, En. Hem. i. p. 107 (1870). Dindymus effusus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 7. n. 24 (1873).
Genus MELAMPHAUS.
Melamphaus fulvomarginatus. Dysdercus fulvomarginatus, Dohrn, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxi. p. 405 (1860). Melamphaus lateralis, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 13. n. 4 (1873). Melamphaus marginalis, Walk. /oc, cit. p. 14. n. 6.
Melamphaus rubrocinctus, Dysdercus? rubro-cinctus, Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 403 (1863). Melamphaus femoratus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 15. n. 8 (1873).
Genus CALLIBAPHUS.
Callibaphus longtrostris. Cimex longirostris, Dru. Ill. Nat. Hist. iii, Index & p. 60, pl. xliii.
fig. 5 (1782). Roscius fasciatus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 174. n. 4 (1872).
38 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
Genus ODONTOPUS. Odontopus dilectus.
Odontopus dilectus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 176. n. 8 (1872). Antilochus ? dilectus, Leth. & Sev. Cat. Gén. Hém. t. ii. p. 248 (1894). Allied to O. sexpunctatus, Lap. The British Museum now
possesses a long series of specimens collected by Col. Yerbury at Aden.
Odontopus scutellaris. Odontopus scutellaris, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 178. n. 16 (1872).
This species appears to have been missed in the Catalogue of Lethierry and Severin.
Odontopus nigricornis. Odontopus nigricornis, St&l, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxii. p. 146 (1861).
Physopelta plana, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 21. n. 12 (1873). Physopelta bimaculata, Walk, loc. cit, p. 22. n. 18,
COdontopus binotatus.
Odontopus binotatus, Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 898 (1863), Physopelta immunis, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 22. n. 14 (1878).
Odontopus angolensis, sp. n.
Ochraceous ; central lobe and base of head, antenne, tiansverse anterior disk of pronotum, scutellum, head be- neath, large coxal spots to sternum, trochanters, legs, rostrum, and anterior areas of abdominal segments, dark sanguineous ; base of clavus, a transverse central spot and an apical rounded spot to corium, and marginal spots to con- nexivum above and beneath black.
Long. 18-21 millim.
Hab, Angola (Brit. Mus., Coll. Dist.).
Allied to OU. seapunctatus, Lap., trom which it differs by the wider and more tumid anterior margin of the pronotum (which is also distinctly longer than in OU, seapunctatus), body more elongate, &c.
Odontopus modestus, sp. n.
Very pale luteous; head, antennw, transverse space on auterior area of pronotum, and legs ochraceous, third and fourth joints of antenne piceous; corium with a central spot and a spot near apical angle brownish ochraceous ; membrane and sternal incisures pale brownish ochraceous ; abdominal segmental incisures roseate.
_— ) “2
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride. 39
Antenne with a few scattered hairs, to be found princi- pally on the basal joint and at the apices of the second and third joints; first, second, and fourth joints subequal in length, third shortest; head and transverse anterior area to pronotum very finely and obscurely punctate, remaining area of pronotum (excluding the lateral margins) and corium very thickly and finely punctate; sternum (excluding coxal areas) distinctly punctate.
Long. 14-20 millim.
Hab. British Kast Africa (C. S. Betton, Brit. Mus.).
Odontopus confusus, sp. n.
Ochraceous ; head, rostrum, and legs, sometimes the under surface of the body, more or less pale sanguineous ; antenna black, first joint, and sometimes the base of the second, sanguineous; two transverse black lines on anterior area of pronotum, between which the colour is more or less san- guineous ; corium with a spot near inner angle and another spot near apex black; discal area of prosternum and anterior areas of meso- and metasterna black or dull reddish; anterior abdominal segmental margins black or dull reddish.
Antenne with the second joint a little longer than the fourth, third shortest; corium very finely but distinctly punctate.
Long. 14-17 millim.
Hab. Lake Tanganyika (A. Carson, Brit. Mus.) ; Zanzibar (Coll. Dist.).
By the colour of the antenne this species is allied to O. notabilis, Dist., and O. modestus, Dist.
Genus DINDYMUS.
Dindymus crudelis.
Dindymus crudelis, Stil, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 397. 3 (1863). Dindymus reduvoides, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 9. n. 27 (18738).
Dindymus pyrochrous. Dysdercus pyrochrous, Boisd. Voy. Astrol., Ent. ii. p. 642 (1835), fig.
inexact. Dindymus varius, Walk, Cat. Het. vi. p. 9. n. 29 (1878).
Dindymus intermedius, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 9. n. 28 (1873).
This species is founded on a single immature form, of which at present nothing can be determined.
40 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
Dindymus circumeinetus. Dindymus circumeinctus, Stal, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. vii. p. 400 (1863). Dindymus cinctifer, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 12. n. 35 (1873). Dindymus dubius, Walk. loc. cit. n. 35.
Dindymus relatus, sp. n.
Pale sanguineous ; posterior lobe of pronotum, membrane, and the abdomen pale ochraceous; base of scutellum, tibiae, and tarsi piceous; antenne black, base of first joint san- guineous ; apical joint, anterior margin of prosternum, and posterior margins of pro-, meso-, and metasterna pale ochra- ceous; margins of abdomen dark ochraceous ; apex of fourth joint of antenn piceous. Corium thickly punctate, remaining upper surface practically impunctate; lateral margins of pronotum strongly laminately reflexed.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. South Africa: near Lake Tanganyika (A. Carson, Brit. Mus.).
Most nearly allied to the Malayan D. rubiginosus, Fabr.
Dindymus natalensis, sp. n.
Black ; anterior, lateral, and posterior margins of pronotum, inner and apical claval margins, lateral and apical margins of corium, antennal tubercle, coxze, lateral margins of sternum and abdomen, sternal incisures, and apical margin of last abdominal segment sanguineous or reddish ochraceous ; the disks of second, third, and fourth abdominal segments ochra- ceous.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum very obscurely punctate or impunctate ; corium distinctly punctate, its lateral margins impunctate.
Long. 10 millim.
Hab. Natal (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to D. nigriceps, Stal.
Dindymus ceneus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and sternum black; antenna, Jateral (broadly) and posterior (narrowly) margins of pro- notum, corium, abdomen, lateral margins of sternum, and Jegs pale sanguineous ; clavus and acurved claval margin on corium purplish black ; posterior lateral margin of corium, Jateral margin of abdomen, and the membrane ochraceous ; rostrum, bases of femora, a spot at the posterior apices of the third and fourth, and the central area of the fourth and fifth
Mr, W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride. 41
abdominal segments black; apical joint of the antennez stramineous.
Pronotum with the anterior lobe anteriorly and posteriorly defined by a linear series of coarse punctures, posterior pro- notal lobe and the corium thickly punctate, lateral margins of the pronotum and corium impuncetate ; anterior femora robust, spined beneath ; eyes prominent.
Long. 11 millim.
Hab, Nilgiri District: Utakamand (Atkinson Coll., Brit. Mus.).
Genus SYNCROTUS. Syncrotus amabilis.
Ectatops amabilis, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 26. n. 15 (1873).
Genus CENZUS. Ceneus semiflavus, sp. n.
Head, antenne, pronotum, scutellum, base of lateral margin to corium, sternum, and legs very pale sanguineous ; posterior margin of pronotum, corium, and abdomen beneath pale ochraceous ; apical joint of antenna, anterior area of pronotum, basal margin of scutellum, rostrum, apical joint of the tarsi, and margins of sternal segments black ; membrane pale greyish. Corium somewhat thickly punctate ; remaining upper surface practically impunctate ; lateral pronotal margins distinctly recurved.
Long. 8-10 millim.
Hab, East Africa: Ruwenzori (Scott Eliot, Brit. Mus.).
Genus PYRRHOPEPLUS. Pyrrhopeplus pictus, sp. n.
Pale ochraceous ; anterior area and lateral margins of pro- notum, scutellum, lateral margins of corium, connexivum, lateral sternal margins, coxe, and femora testaceous or very dark ochraceous ; antenne, discal margins of central lobe and basal margin of head, anterior and posterior margin of ante- rior raised area of pronotum, basal margin of scutellum, a rounded spot on corium near anterior angle, margins of in- cisures to sternum and abdomen, a central fascia to head beneath, tibize, and tarsi black.
Pronotum and scutellum somewhat darkly punctate ; head and anterior transverse disk of pronotum impunctate, the Jast with its black margins thickly and coarsely punctate.
42 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
Long. 9-11 millim. Hab. Sylhet (Brit. Mus.); Naga Hills (Doherty, Coll. Dist.).
Genus DYSDERCUS.
Dysdercus discolor.
Dysdercus discolor, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 190. n. 40 (1872). Dysdercus annuliger, Uhler, Proc. Zool. Soc. xiii. p. 189 (1894).
Dysdercus melanoderes.
Dysdercus melanoderes, Karsch, Ent. Nachr, 1892, p. 135.
This species is, as Karsch pointed out, to be known by its unicolorous hemelytra and its large size. In many specimens, however, there is a distinct black discal spot on each corium. The body beneath is also pale unicolorous and the seg- mental margins little and narrowly darker.
Dysdercus simplex.
Dindymus simplex, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 6 (1873°. Dysdercus decorus, Bredd. Zeit. fiir Entomologie, 1901, p. 115.
Hab. Siklim, Nicobar Islands, Dinding Islands, Celebes, Obi Island (Brit. Mus.).
Dysdercus variegatus, nom. nov. Dysdercus simplex, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 485 (nom, preeocc.). Walker’s Dindymus simplex proving to be a Dysdercus, it is necessary to rename the above. Dysdercus impictiventris. Dysdercus impictiventris, Stal, En, Hem. i. p. 120 (1870). Dysdercus albescens, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 190. n. 38 (1872). Dysdercus pecilus.
Pyrrhocoris pecilus, Herr.-Schaft. Wanz. Ins. vii. p. 17, fig. 699 (1844), Dysdercus pecilus, Bredd, Wien. entomol. Zeit. xx. p. 85 (1901). Dysdercus concinnulus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 190 (1872).
Dysdercus biguttatus. Dindymus biguttatus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 11 (1873).
Dysdercus pretiosus, sp. n.
Pronotum and corium Juteous ; head, antenne, scutellum, a somewhat broad, transverse, medial fascia to corium and apical angle of same, membrane, and legs black; sternum
| a
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride. 43
and abdomen luteous ; subanterior area to pronotum, sternal segmental margins, coxe, trochanters, and basal abdominal segmental margins pale bright castaneous; rostrum dark castaneous and almost reaching apex of second abdominal segment.
Anterior femora strongly spined beneath; pronotum ob- scurely, corium distinctly punctate; membrane with the apical margins narrowly greyish.
Long. 12-13 millim.
Hab. Kast Central Africa: Ruwenzori (Scott Elliot, Brit. Mus.).
Dysdercus Clarki, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black ; anterior area and lateral margins of pronotum red, its anterior margin narrowly fuscous ; corium dark obscure olivaceous, with about apical third black ; membrane black, its apical margins narrowly greyish; sternum and abdomen beneath pale luteous, a large transverse reddish-ochraceous spot on each side of the sternal segments ; fifth abdominal segment and base of sixth black, both laterally reddish ochraceous ; legs very dark castaneous ; antenne fuscous, base of last joint luteous ; rostrum brownish, its apical joint piceous.
Pronotum with the lateral margins strongly concavely sinuate ; anterior margin and posterior area of pronotum and the corium thickly punctate, the corium most distinctly so ; anterior femora spined beneath near apices.
Long. 83 millim.
Hab. Rio Province (Hamlet Clark Exped., Brit. Mus.).
Dysdercus evanescens, 8). 0.
Very pale ochraceous; head, anterior area and _ lateral margins of pronotum, scutellum, lateral and apical margins of corium, and legs reddish ochraceous ; antennz and a small round spot on the disk of corium black; body beneath pale ochraceous ; lateral margins of sternum, prosternum with a spot. behind the area of each eye connected with a narrow transverse line, anterior area of mesosternum, a large lateral spot to metasternum, and anterior areas of abdominal segments reddish ochraceous; abdominal marginal incisures very narrowly black; membrane pale brownish. Prosternum coarsely and roughly punctate, pronotum and corium thickly punctate, the last most finely so.
Long. 17-20 millim.
44 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pyrrhocoride.
Hab. Sikhim: Mungphu (Atkins. Coll., Brit. Mus., and Coll. Dist.). Khasia and Garo Hills (Coll. Dist.).
In some specimens the pale ochraceous coloration is uni- formly replaced by reddish ochraceous. The species may also be recognized by its large size, pale membrane, &c.
Summarized Disposition of Walker's Genera and Species belonging to the Mum. Pyrrhocoride.
Species considered valid and described under correct Genera.
Odontopus dilectus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 176. n. 8 (1872). scutellaris, Walk. loc. cit. p. 178. n. 16. Dysdercus jamaicensis, Walk. loc. cit, p. 182. n. 11. Fervens, Walk. loc. ctt. n. 12.
discolor, Walk. loc. cit. p. 190. n. 40.
Dindymus decisus, Walk. loc. cit. vi. p. 5. n. 18 (1873). basifer, Walk. loc. cit. n. 19.
clarus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 6. n. 21.
-—_— rutilans, Walk. loc. cit. p. 8. n. 26.
Melamphaus circumdatus, Walk. loc, cit. p. 16. n. 11. Physopelta apicalis, Walk. loc. cit. p. 21. n. 11. Ectatops adustus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 25. n. 13,
subjectus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 26. n. 16.
venustus, Walk. loc. cit. n. 17.
coloratus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 27. n. 18.
Largus torridus, Walk. loc. eit. p. 34. n. 24.
anticus, Walk. loc. cit. n. 25.
— divisus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 35, n. 26,
Arhaphe cicindeloides, Walk. loc, cit. p. 36. n. 2.
Species considered valid, but requtring generic revision.
Tyrrhocoris vittiventris, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 171. n. 16 (1872), belongs to gen. Euscopus.
— indecorus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 172. n. 18, belongs to gen. Luscopus.
— lateralis, Walk. loc. cit. n. 20, belongs to gen. Physopelta ?
Dindymus simplex, Walk. loc. cit. p. 6. n, 22, belongs to gen. Dysdercus.
—— indignus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 10. n. 80, belongs to gen. Ectatops.
— biguttatus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 11. n. 34, ,, 5 Dysdereus.
Melamphaus costalis, Walk. loc. cit. p. 14. n. 14, belongs to gen, Eetatops.
lycoides, Walk. loc. cit. p. 17. n. 12, belongs to gen. Iphita.
Ectatops amabilis, Walk. /oc. cit. p. 26. n, 15, belongs to gen. Syncrotus.
Acinocoris bilineatus, Walk. loc. cit, p. 88, n. 8, belongs to gen. Largus,
Species treated as synonymie,
Pyrrhocoris_ maculicollis, Walk, Cat. Het. v. p. 171. n. 17 (1872),= Pyrrhocoris sibiricus, Kusch (sec. Horvath).
ramosus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 172. n. 19,= dischines bucculatus, Stal.
Roscius fasciatus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 174. n. 4,= Callibaphus longirostris, Dru.
Dysdercus mundus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 181. n. 8,=Dysdercus concinnus, Stal.
On Two new Gerbils from Egypt. 45
Dysdercus albescens, W alk. loc. cit. p. 190. n. 38, = Dysdercus impictiventris, Stal.
concinnulus, Walk. loc. cit. n. 89,= Dysdercus pecilus, Herr.-Sch.
Dindymus discoidalis, Walk. loc, cit, vi. p. 6.n. 20 (1878),= Antilochus discordalis, Burm.
imitator, Walk. loc, cit. p. 7. n. 28,=Ectatops rubiaceus, A. & 8.
effusus, Walk. Joc. cit. n. 24,= Stictaulax circumspecta, Stal.
reduvoides, Walk. loc. cit. p. 9. n. 27,= Dindymus crudelis, Stal.
varius, Walk. loc, cit. n. 29,= Dindymus pyrochrous, Boisd.
einctifer, Walk. loc. cit. p. 12. n. 35,= Dindymus circumeinctus, Stil.
Melamphaus lateralis, Walk. loc. cit. p. 18. n. 4,= Melamphaus fulvo-
marginatus, Dohrn.
— marginalis, Walk. loc. cit. p. 14. n.6,= Melamphaus fulvomarginatus, Dohrn.
‘Gaia Walk. doc. cit. n. 15, n. 8,= Melamphaus rubrocinctus, Stal.
angulifer, Walk. loc. eit. n. 9,= Antilochus discoidalis, Burm., var.
seutifer, Walk. loc. cit. p. 16. n. 10, = Antilochus discifer, Stal.
Sige pet plana, Walk. loc. cit. p. 21, n. 12,= Odontopus nigricornis,
Stal
bimaculata, Walk. loc. cit. p. 22. n. 13, = Odontopus nigricornis, Stal.
immunis, Walk. loc. cit. n. 14,= Odontopus binotatus, Stal.
Ectatops largoides, Walk. loc. cit. p. 24, n. 12, = Ectatops indignus, Walk.
—— tenuicornis, Walk. loc. cit. p. 25. n. 14, = Aschines bucculatus, Stal.
Largus concisus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 33. n. 21,= Largus crassipes, Stil, var.
pulverulentus, Walk. loc. cit. n, 22,=Largus bipustulatus, Stal.
obtusus, Walk. loc, cit. n. 23,=Largus convivus, Stal
Acinocoris includens, Walk. loc. cit. p. 38. n. 4,= Largus bilineatus, Walk., var,
To be treated as non-existent.
Species the types of which are not now to be found in the British Museum.
Dysdercus coloratus, Walk. Cat. Het. v. p. 189. n. 387 (1872). pectoralis, Walk. loc, cit. p. 191. n. 41.
Dindymus venustulus, Walk. loc, cit. vi. p. 8. n. 25 (18738).
Ectatops ruficosta, Walk. loc, cit. p. 27. n. 19.
Dindymus intermedius, Walk, Cat. Het. vi. p. 9. n. 28 (1873). A species founded on a single immature specimen.
Species wrongly included in the Pyrrhocoride.
Melamphaus rubidus, Walk. Cat. Het. vi. p. 14. n. 7 (1873),=Pyrrho- baphus leucurus, Fabr. (Lygeine).
VII.—Descriptions of Two new Gerbils from Eyypt. By W. E. pe WInTon.
Gerbillus Andersoni, sp. n.
This species may be described as a miniature of G. pyra- midum, Geoff., having the dark-tipped fur, the dark whiskers,
46 On Two new Gerbils from Egypt.
black-bordered ears, and the inclination to yellowish stain on the white of the underside. ‘The extent of the hair on the soles of the feet and the slight development of the brush- hairs towards the end of the tail are also much as in that species. In size it closely approaches G. gerbillus, Oliv., but the ears are longer.
The type of the species is a skin (number 92. 7. 1. 5 in the British Museum) collected and presented by the late Dr. John Anderson ; it was obtained, as were all the other specimens, at Mandara, E, of Alexandria.
Measurements (taken from specimens preserved in al- cohol) :—
3 3 2. 2 mm mm mm. mm. Head and body ...... 85 89 89 87 Ta, VPN a, 125 117 120 115 PE FOE yo iw ong epee 27 27 27°5 27 Le are Say hae 155 16 15°5 15°5
A three-parts grown female has the hind foot 25 millim. in length. Skull measurements :—
mm mm. mm. Greatest length 2. Sek 30 30 30 Greatest breadth ......5..0..0. 16 16 16 Supraorbital constriction ........ 55 6 59 Biemirth OR MARAIS an's sin as «ee 12 12 12 ASA ENT ec erect eter ee ee 25 24 25 Length of incisive foramina ...... 55 ee 55 Length of molar series .......... 43 4°3 44
The skull is rather larger than that of G. gerdillus and is readily distinguished by its longer nasal portion, more expanded maxillary portion of the zygomata, larger teeth, and longer incisive foramina.
Dipodillus amenus, sp. 0.
Size small, form compact; ears short; tail about half as long again as the head and body; hind feet long, with the three proximal pads very ill-defined. Colour very dark, the fur mouse-grey tipped with reddish fawn, the latter colour clearer on the sides; a very pale, almost white, patch on the buttocks. ‘Tail dark blackish above, fawn beneath, the pencil and crest black-brown. The face is handsomely marked; the tip of the nose and the front portion of the moustachial area is pale to white; a very distinct dark nose- spot commences immediately behind the nostrils, gradually fading away into the general rich colour of the forehead ;
On Two new Species of Potto. 47
dark branches of this spot extend down the hinder part of the moustachial area; there is a pale spot immediately in front of the eye; the cheek beneath the eye is red-fawn, with a distinet dark smoky patch behind the eye and beneath the ear. The ears dark blackish, except at their bases. ‘The whole of the underparts, the hands, and the feet white.
2 3,1 2, Province of Ghizeh; collected by Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.G.S.
Type of species, no. 1, @, in al.
Measurements (taken from specimens preserved in al- cohol) :—
3 (type), 3; a
no. lL. no. 2. no. 3
mm mm. mm.
Head and body ...... 7% 74 73 SRT a Fetviatcip «.xle gs ots « p 112 92 (imperfect) 105 (imperfect)
MBA TOOb bef. 2 sj 5 5.5. « 23°5 21°5 23
Forearm and hand.... 238 23 23
ENT seeks A cea 1s os Beate: & 11 11 1l
No. 2, g, has a very short hind foot; the tail is very imperfect, there being no crest on the part remaining.
Measurements of skull of ¢, no. 2:—
Greatest length 26 millim.; greatest breadth 15; breadth of brain-case 13°5; temporal constriction 5:2; length of nasals 10; basal length 22; length of palate 10; incisive foramina 4°5; molar series 3°6.
This mouse-gerbil is a prettily marked, compactly built little animal, though the hind legs are rather long. It is very distinct from D. quadrimaculatus, Lataste, found not far off at Helouan, which is yellow in colour and is larger and more handsomely coloured than )). Watersi*, de Winton.
VII1.—Notices of Two new Species of Potto from the French Congo Territory. By W. KE. DE WINTON.
THE collections made by Mr. G. L. Bates in the French Congo territory have added considerably to our knowledge of the Pottos. ‘lwo new species are here described, one belonging to the true Pottos (Perodicticus) and the other to the dwarf Pottos (Arctocebus).
Besides the new forms, examples of the large Potto from Gaboon (P. Edwards?) described briefly by M. Bouvier in the ‘Guide du Natural.’ 1879, i. p. 10, have been obtained,
* Novitates Zool. (Tring), Dec. 1901.
48 On Two new Species of Potto.
affording means of comparison. This large Gaboon species is characterized by its long head, short tail, and dull greyish colouring. |
The genus Arctocebus is well separated from Perodicticus in the formation of the hand, the fuller development of the molars, the want of the shelf over the auditory meatus formed by the squamosal, and the absence of the protruding processes ot the cervical vertebra. =
Perodicticus Batest, sp. n.
Size intermediate between P. potto and P. Edwardst. Colour very much richer and more rufous or almost red- mahogany. Bristle-hairs about nape strongly developed. Tail very short, as short or shorter than that of P. Edwardst.
Type in the British Museum, no. 98. 5. 4.12, 2, 11th Feb., 1898. Benito River, 15 miles from mouth. G. L, Bates, no. d40.
Fang name “ Awun.”
Measurements (taken in the flesh) :—
Head and body 380 millim.; tail 40; hind foot 75; ear 23.
Another specimen (a male) has practically the same measurements.
The skull, except in being larger, closely resembles that of P. potto; the squamosal portion of the zygomatic arch is, however, broader, and the teeth are larger.
The skull of P. Edwardsi is very readily distinguished by its length and less expanded zygomata, and at the same time by the great breadth of the posterior portion across the mastoids and auditory bullee.
Arctocebus aureus, sp. n.
Size smaller than A. calibarensis; tail very short, the terminal hairs stiff and closely pressed together.
The whole of the upper surface bright golden red, the hair very lustrous, with no dark tips; the lower side is dull and paler, mixed with ashy grey.
The snout is considerably projected beyond the lower lip. The front of the face, from the eyes to the point of the nose, is sparsely clothed with minute hairs and is practically naked ; from the side of the nose to the eyes there 1s a slight ridge of stiffer hairs, with a few longer sensory hairs inter- spersed, the fur on the cheek growing forwards to assist in the formation of the ridge. ‘Ihe immediate circle of the orbit
On the Southern Snapping-Turtle. 49
is dark, and there is a short eyebrow formed of dark stiff hairs above the front corner of the eye.
The front foot or hand differs from that of its only ally in having amuch shorter fifth finger, which only just passes the first joint of the long fourth finger.
The skull is readily distinguished from that of A. calibar- ensis by its narrowness and fine moulding. ‘The snout is very sharp and the orbits closer together. ‘The premaxille are extraordinarily developed and project in front of the incisors more than the length of the diameter of the narial opening. The incisive foramina are very small. The angle of the lower jaw is cut short off, the condylar process clearly pro- jecting beyond it posteriorly.
Type (gf) no. 1. 11. 21. 3 in the British Museum.
Collected by G. L. Bates, 16th April, 1901, “50 miles up the Benito River, among hills of 500 to 1000 feet above sea- level” (G. L. B.).
Measurements taken in the flesh :—
Head and body 270 millim.; tail 18; hind foot 38; ear 30.
The skull is unfortunately much damaged ; it is that of an animal arrived at maturity, but with the teeth little worn, having long pointed cusps. In all essential characters the teeth agree with those of A. ca/ibarensts.
A female of A. calibarensis in alcohol, presented to the British Museum by Miss Kingsley, shows three pairs of mamme on the breast—postaxial, pectoral, and abdominal ; the hindermost pair only slightly further removed from the middle pair than these are from the front pair. ‘The clitoris is long and penis-like, measuring 10 millim. in length: the clearly separated vagina has a cross-opening about 9 millim. in width, somewhat lunate in form (the convex side towards the anus, which is unusually far removed) ; the edges are exceedingly thin and overhanging, partly closing over a wide antechamber containing the more delicate parts.
I am not aware that the female of Perodicticus has yet been examined.
IX.—On the Southern Snapping- Turtle (Chelydra Ros- signonii, Bocourt). By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
THE late Professor Peters was the first to make known, in 1862, the occurrence of a Snapping-Turtle in Ecuador. This record is based ou a young specimen from near Guayaquil - Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ix. +
50 On the Southern Snapping- Turtle.
which was referred to the only species then known, Chelydra serpentina, but under the name of var. acutirostris *, the snout being considered as rather more pointed than in the specimens from North America. ‘This difference, however, does not exist, I think, as a constant character. Another great authority, the late Professor Cope, in 1872 f, also referred the South-American Snapper to Chelydra serpentina, adding : “] can find no specific difference between shells from Penn- sylvania, Mexico, and Equator.” Having now received several specimens, adult and ycung, from North-western Ecuador, through Mr. Rosenberg, I find that the species is certainly different from the North American, which appears to range from Canada to Northern Mexico, and the same as described by Bocourt ¢ from quite young specimens obtained in Mexico and Guatemala, under the name of Chelydra Ros- signonit, a name which should stand in preference to that of acutirostris, the latter not being accompanied by a proper definition.
The specimens examined by me are a male, a female, and a young from the Rio Durango, N.W. Ecuador, 350 feet, and two young from St. Javier, N.W. Ecuador, 60 feet.
Some measurements of these are given in the following table, in the order mentioned :—
L.4 2. 3. 4. 5. mm mm. mm mm, mm.
Length of carapace .........4.. 270 200 56 66 66 Hi Plasivon AIS ots 2. 205 155 40 49 50 Width of plastral bridge ........ 25 20 i 8 8 Length of first vertebral shield .. 50 40 9 18 12 Width * 9 en eam i 50 13 17 15 Length of second __,, 5 at Go 45 10 13 12
Width 7 9 7 100 50 15 17 Vs Length of first costal shield .... 70 50 12 15 15 Width a = + feck Oo 60 15 17 18 Length of abdominal shield .... 26 20 7 8 8 Width " fe oaks Sea 50 13 16 15
From these measurements it will be seen that the plastral bridge is broader and the vertebral shields narrower than in CU. serpentina, comparing, of course, specimens of the same size. Besides, C. Rosstgnonii differs in having two pairs of small mental barbels instead of one.
] have already pointed out that§ Ch. Rossignonit appears
* Mon. Berl. Acad. 1862, p, 627.
+ Proc. Ac. Philad. 1872, p. 23.
t Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 18, pl. v. fig. 2 (1870). § Cat. Chelon. p. 23.
i
On new Batrachians and Reptiles. 51
to be more nearly related to the fossil Ch. Murchisoni?¢ than is Ch. serpentina. Leaving out Pomel’s Emydosaurus Meil- heuratie *, from the Oligocene of Auvergne, of which a definition has never appeared, and Laube’s imperfectly known Chelydra argillarum f, from the Oligocene of Bohemia, four species of Chelydra are known, two recent and two fossil. Their principal characters are contrasted in the following synopsis :—
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Vertebral shields at least two thirds the width of the costals ; the length of the outer border of the hyosternal bone less than that of the inner. Anterior lobe of plastron angular; bridge very narrow, not more than one tenth of the length of the plastron; two barbels.. 1. serpentina, L. Anterior lobe of plastron angular; brilge comparatively broad, less than one ninth of the length of the plastron; four barbels. 2. Rossignonii, Bocourt. Anterior lobe of plastron with nearly parallel sides, truncate in front; bridge compara- tively broad, formed to a nearly equal extent by the hyo- and the hyposternals. 3. Murchisonii, Bell.
II. Vertebral shields not much broader than long, not more than two thirds the width of the costals ; bridge compara- tively broad, formed to a nearly equal extent by the hyo-and the hyposternals ; the length of the outer border of the hyosternal as great as thatof theinner. 4. Dechenii, H. v. Mey.t
X .— Descriptions of new Batrachians and Reptiles from North-western Ecuador. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S.
Cecilia nigricans.
Teeth moderately large, few (about eight on each side of the upper jaw and six on each side of the lower). Snout rounded, very prominent, as long as the distance between the eyes; latter visible; tentacle below and a little behind the nostril, on the lower surface of the snout. Body much elongate, its diameter about sixty times in the total length ;
* Bull. Soc. géol. France, (2) iii. 1846, p. 372. + Abh. Ver. Lotos, ii. 1900, p. 47. t I regard Chelydropsis carinata, C. Peters, as based on an older speci- men of the same species. 4%
52 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
22U circular folds, interrupted dorsally on the anterior half of
the body. Tailindistinet, rounded. Blackish; lips yellowish. Total length 600 millim. ; greatest diameter of body 10. A single specimen from the Rio Lita, 3000 feet.
Agalychnis calcarifer.
Tongue oval, openly emarginate behind. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the choane. Head moderately depressed, as long as broad; snout rounded, not projecting beyond the lower jaw; cantlius rostralis feeble ; loreal region slightly concave ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the eye, half its diameter. Fingers nearly entirely webbed, the disks larger than the tympanum; toes rather short, nearly entirely webbed, the disks a little smaller than those of the fingers ; subarticular tubercles very prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth, granuJar on the belly and in front of the vent; a narrow dermal fold along the outer edge of the forearm and tarsus ; a truncate dermal flap above the vent; heel with a large triangular dermal flap. Green above, this colour restricted to a narrow band on the upper surface of the thighs; hands, feet (with the exception of part of the outer digit), arms, sides of thighs, and lower parts bright yellow ; short black bars on the flanks and limbs on the limit between the green and yellow colours.
From snout to vent 57 millim.
A single female specimen from the Rio Durango, 350 feet.
Hylodes subsigillatus.
Tongue oval, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two very short transverse series behind the choane. Head a little broader than Jong; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit, with distinct canthus; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; loreal region con- cave ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympa- num distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first shorter than second; toes rather short, free; disks large; subarticular tubercles moderately developed; a small metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin of upper parts nearly smooth ; belly granular. Brown above, tinged with crimson ; an oblique crimson streak on each side of the upper surface of the head behind the eye, directed towards its fellow behind; a dark streak on the
VEE nz: a Lt a br
new Batrachians and Reptiles. 53
canthus rostralis and another on the temple; dark streaks radiating from the eye to the lip; oblique dark bands on the flanks; a pink vertebral line; limbs with dark cross-bars ; throat and belly white, reticulate with dark brown; lower surface of limbs dark brown, with white spots.
From snout to vent 35 millim.
A single female specimen from Salidero, 350 feet.
Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus.
Tongue oval, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two arched series behind the choane. Snout rounded, feebly prominent, as long as the diameter of the orbit ; nostril midway between the eye and the end of the snout; inter- orbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympa- num two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first much longer than second; toes moderate, not fringed ; subarticnlar tubercles: very prominent; a small oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the tympanum. Skin smooth; a glandular fold from the eye to the shoulder, above the tympanum, another on each side of the back. Daik brown above, with small black spots; glandular folds edged with black; upper lip with black vertical bars; limbs with irregular blackish cross-bars; hinder side of thighs black, with white dots; lower parts white, spotted or marbled with brown.
From snout to vent 55 millim.
Three female specimens from Bultin, 160 feet.
Nicoria nasuta.
Carapace rather strongly depressed, with a mere trace of a vertebral keel, scarcely emarginate anteriorly. Vertebral shields broader than long, nearly as broad as or broader than the costals; nuchal very small. Plastron large; the width of the bridge equals or exceeds the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched behind; anterior lobe truncate in front. Axillary and inguinal shields present, small. Dorsal shields smooth or slightly rugose. Head moderate ; snout strongly projecting, much more than in N. punctularia; upper jaw not hooked, with a feeble notch; width of the mandible at the symphysis a little less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits very distinctly webbed. Tail as long as the head in the male. Carapace dark brown above, yellowish beneath; plastral shields yellow, with a large dark brown or black blotch, or black bordered with yellow; head, neck, and limbs dark brown; a yellowish
ay Mr, G. A. Boulenger on
streak on the cantlius rostralis, another from the eye to the tympanum, a third on each side of the back of the head, from above the posterior border of the orbit to the nape, parallel with the temporal streak, and a fourth on the mandible from below the eye.
Length of shell 20 centim.
Several specimens from Bultin, 160 feet, and from the Rio Durango, 350 feet.
Spherodactylus scapularis.
Head twice as long as broad; snout pointed, slightly longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, once and a half the diameter of the orbit ; ear-opening small, oval, oblique. Rostral moderately large, with longitudinal cleft above ; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and three small nasals; five upper and as many lower labials; symphysial large, truncate posteriorly ; no chin- shields. No spine-like scale above the eye. Upper surfaces covered with small, equal, juxtaposed granular scales ; the scales larger and quite flat on the snout; ventral scales larger, imbricate, smooth. ‘Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with subimbricate smooth scales, which are larger inferiorly. Brown above; a dark band across the scapular region and a dark rhomboidal spot between the hind limbs ; tail with some rather indistinct dark and light ocellar spots, and two black, jight-edged annuli near its extremity ; lower parts brownish white.
millim. Totallengen. vos camara aus ats asco Oe leads. oat cinerea etoioe eis ieee ate 8 ‘Wadth of head’ Beets s-4.te rae 4 BOG ts 3 visas wisn cieeeie eae ope an cera 21 EP ore elim icsAcimiclatere cs theses hee oe eet 9 Hind Timbo es ane fee eee 10 Tail g6 COR PE Ee ei coasters eration tare 30
A single specimen from St. Javier, 60 feet. Allied to &. glaucus, Cope; distinguished by the flatter granules on the snout and the absence of a supraocular spine.
Anolis princeps.
Head nearly once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as the tibia; forehead concave; no frontal ridges; upper head-scales small, mostly keeled ; supraorbitals and occipital feebly enlarged, the former separated by four or five rows of scales; supraocular scales very small, keeled; canthus
ee
new Batrachians and Reptiles. 5d rostralis strong and short ; loreal rows nine to eleven; ten to twelve upper labials to below the centre of the eye; ear- opening oval, not much smaller than the eye opening, Body compressed ; no distinct nuchal fold. Gular appendage large in the male, small in the female. Dorsal and lateral scales very small, granular, the former a little larger than the latter and distinctly keeled; ventral scales larger, granular, smooth or indistinctly keeled. ‘The adpressed hind limb reaches between the eye and the nostril ; digital expansions rather feeble ; 20 to 22 lamella under phalanges IT and III of the fourth toe. ‘Tail slightly compressed, without upper ridge, covered with small keeled scales ; its length more than twice that of head and body. Male with a pair of enlarged postanal scales. Olive or bluish grey above, with large dark brown or black spots and bars, and whitish streaks, which are disposed obliquely on the sides and may form a regular net- work over the whole body ; the brown spots form four trans- verse series on the body, broken up by the light lines; the lower spot of the first series in front of the shoulder; a vertebral series of small rhomboidal light spots may be present; dark and light streaks across the supraocular and interorbital regions ; a whitish spot below the eye; brown bars radiating from the eye on the lips and temple ; limbs and tail with regular dark cross-bars ; lower parts whitish.
d. Q. millim. millim.
Total length. 0.45 068 sca 342 B45 Head xe 5.3%. eA, ares ats 28 28 Widthiomhead ss. 2U2~ aparece mune Wi 1 Body IM. Wace ive low Sele -s 80 82 Bore limbs jy iii. odes cod<s 57. 54 PAAAGIITAD Ss S ccais, we. «tae eeu 96 95 - BEYER ee coat og eins a) clickerareh 28 28 TENET Ais allt hee AR cs Se 244 245
Several specimens from St. Javier (60 feet), Salidero (350 feet), RK. Lita (3000 feet), and Paramba (3500 feet).
Proctoporus hypostictus.
Head rather large; limbs comparatively strong, meeting when pressed against the body. Frontonasal longer than broad, slightly larger than the frontal ; frontoparietals mode- rate; parietals forming an oblique suture with the large supratemporal; interparietal widening posteriorly, a little longer than the parietals; no median occipital ; four supra- oculars, anterior small; a loreal; a series of large infra-
o6 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on
orbitals ; temporal shields large ; seven upper and five lower labials; chin-shields, one anterior and three pairs, the first two pails forming a suture; nine rows of shields between the chin-shields and the edge of the collar; collar-shields ten. Dorsal scales elongate-quadrangular, feebly but very distinctly keeled, forming uninterrupted series across the back ; 29 scales from occiput to sacrum inclusively. Ventral scales broader, but not longer than dorsals, in 12 longitudinal and 19 trans- verse series. 40 scales round the middle of the body. Five preanal shields, median triangular, preceded by a pair of large shields. Six femoral pores on each side. Tail thick, covered with elongate quadrangular scales, the basal dorsals feebly keeled. Dark brown above, with small irregular black spots; black beneath; throat, belly, lower surface of limbs, and base of tail with numerous round white spots regularly disposed ; four white bars across the chin.
millim. Poth] lengthics hit» Unidas Giesy temen Gat 188 Poa he len ckesc he Sit: Aen as Ae 18 Wadth*of head 3 <2.7. cube oie, eines er 12 From end of snout to fore limb........ 31 From end of snout to vent............ 81 Fore limb......... BA hin ei ne 22 Eiind plinth ih nis. tet eee ee cutee 29 Daal reprodneed) oo. os. sxe vibe eib’s «ih bie 107
A single male specimen from Paramba, 3500 feet.
Rhadinea subocularis.
Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals much broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two pre- oculars, with a small subocular below them; two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; tive lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 113-114; anal divided; subcaudals 98. Brown above; a yellowish streak, edged with black beneath, from the eye along each side of the back to the tail, running along the fifth and sixth series of scales on the body; this streak interrupted on the temple ; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip and lower parts yellowish white.
‘Yotal length 370 millim. ; tail 160.
‘Two specimens from Paramba, 3500 feet.
i te ee
new Batrachians and Reptiles, 57
Elaps calamus.
Head much depressed. Eye not half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral much broader than deep; frontal scarcely broader than the supraocular, twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals, which are as long as their distance from the end of the snout; one pra- and one postocular ; anterior temporal absent, the sixth upper labial forming a long suture with the temporal; seven upper labials, third much larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 289; anal divided ; subcaudals 26 (11 single). Tail ending very obtusely. 72 black annuli, separated above by narrow brownish interspaces closely spotted with black, beneath by broader white (red ?) bars ; snout black, followed by a white area extending to near the posterior extremity of the parietal shields ; a broad black nuchal band.
Total length 500 millim. ; tail 25.
A single female specimen from St. Javier, 60 feet.
Leptognathus gracilis.
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral twice as broad as deep, not visible from above; internasals about half as long as the prefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; nasal divided ; no preocular, loreal and pretrontal entering the eye ; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior as long as broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals very feebly enlarged. Ventrals 197-208 ; anal entire; subcaudals 117-129. 22 or 24 large black blotches encircle the body, separated by narrower pale brownish white-edged spaces, which, on the posterior part of the body, may bear small black spots or vermiculations ; upper head-shields and lips black, back of head yellowish; a black longitudinal streak on the occiput and another on the chin.
Total length 770 millim.; tail 240.
‘lwo male specimens from St. Javier, 60 feet.
58 On anew Blue Duiker from Nyasaland.
XI.—A new Blue Duiker from Nyasaland. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
Cephalophus nyase, sp. n.
A member of the C. monticola group, with much more rufous on limbs and body and with a remarkably narrow skull.
Colour of back darker brown than in (. monticola, with more rufous suffused in it, the median area nearly matching Ridgway's “ burnt umber.” Shoulders, sides, and hips dull deep rufous, whole of belly greyish rufous ; limbs bright rich rufous, but the region between the accessory and main claws dark brown as usual. White of under surface almost obso- lete, reduced to small and inconspicuous patches in inter- ramial, axillary, sternal, and inguinal regions. Rump dark chocolate-brown, contrasting with the rich rufous thighs and hams. Upper surface of tail still darker, blackish brown. Head with the usual dark median area and rufous supraorbital streaks. Ears brown outside, with a small rufous patch at their anterior base, white inside.
Skull with a remarkably long and narrow muzzle, the breadth across the hinder part of the nasals going 23 times in their length. Premaxillw little expanded laterally. Median notch of palate ending nearly half acentimetre in front of the lateral ones. Bulle small and narrow.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :—
Head and body 660 millim.; tail broken (of the second specimen 77); hind foot, s. u. 157, ce. u. 178.
Skull: greatest length 135; basal length 115; greatest breadth 56; nasals 50X19; breadth across premaxille 14 ; breadth of brain-case 45; palate length 68; muzzle to orbit 67 ; muzzle to anterior premolar 42; length of tooth-series 36. Horns, length 48, diameter at base 14.
Hab. Mianje, Nyasa.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 1. 11. 11.2. Collected by Mr. Brown. Two specimens.
This species is no doubt most nearly allied to C. Hecki, Matsch.*, from the Mozambique coast, but instead of having more white on the underside than C. monticola, it has less ; it is apparently more rufous on the body, and it has the usual
dark marking on the back of the pasterns, C. Hecki being * SB. Ges, nat. Fr. Berl. 1897, p. 158.
Vv"
On Mammals from the Serro do Mar of Parand. 59
without them. Nor are the accessory hoofs any smaller than usual. The skull of C. Hecki is not described.
With C. Hecki it differs from all other members of the eroup by the extension of the rufous of the limbs on to the thighs and flanks.
XII.—On Mammals from the Serra do Mar of Parand, collected by Mr. Alphonse Itobert. By OLprieLp ‘THomas, F.R.S.
AFTER making the collection on the Rio Jordio, Minas, of which an account was given in the last number of the ‘Annals,’ Mr. Robert proceeded, v/@ Sao Paulo, Santos, and Paranagua, toa place called Roea Nova, situated at an altitude of about 1000 metres (‘ 930 to 1150 m.’’) in the Serro do Mar of the Province of Parand, and on the railway between Paranagua and Curitiba.
Here he has again made a most admirable and valuable collection, in spite of the difficulties due to the constant torrential rains of the wet season.
A large number of the present species appear to be refer- able to forms obtained and described by Hensel in his classical paper on the mammals of Rio Grande do Sul #, a region also worked later by Dr. von Ihering. Good series of the latter’s specimens are in the British Museum, some received direct from him and others through Dr. Leche, of Stockholm, who wrote an account of the Muride in 1886 f.
The beautiful specimens now obtained by Mr. Robert further illustrate the mammalogy of this interesting region.
The collection contains examples of eighteen species, of which I have found it necessary to describe two as new.
Besides the mammals collected at 1000 metres at Roea Nova, Mr. Robert has also sent home examples of Nyeti- nomus brasiliensis, Lonchoglossa caudifera, Artibeus lituratus, and Hemiderma perspicillatum trom Morretes, close to Paran- agua, at an altitude of only 10 metres above the sea.
1. Felis sp. Two specimens. Spotted tiger-cats of the /. macrura group. The small specimen is a melano, but shows indication of the normal spotted condition.
* Abh. Ak, Berl. 1872, p. 1. + Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 687 (1887).
60 M2. O. Thomas on Mammals from
2. Nasua soctulis, Wied. Four. Three of these specimens are of the greyish type and one of the blackish. I provisionally use Wied’s term for the South-Brazilian Nasua, but one of the many earlier names will very possibly prove available for it.
3. Scturus Ingrami, Thos. Sixteen specimens.
4. Nectomys squamipes, Bts.
One.
5. Oryzomys ratticeps, Hens. One.
6. Oryzomys dorsalis, Hens. Six.
Some indication of the dark dorsal line is present in all these specimens.
With regard to Leche’s “ H. dorsalis, var. obscura,” one of Mr. Robert’s skins (no. 826) is darker, and its tail is only equal to its head and body combined; but this specimen is immature and has clearly only the usual darker colour of youth. Perhaps the same explanation would apply to Dr. Leche’s dark-coloured “ variety.”
7. Oryzomys eliurus, Wagn. Six. Wagner’s Hesperomys pygmeus is a synonym of O. eliurus, its type specimen, which I have examined in Vienna, being a young individual of the present form.
8. Akodon cursor, Winge.
26.
A. cursor was described from Lagoa Santa, one of the co-types being now in the British Museum. Mr. Robert obtained a number of specimens at Piqueté and Cruzeiro, Sao Paulo, and Rio Jordio, Minas. Dr. von Lhering has sent us an example from the island of Sao Sebastiao, and now Mr. Robert has found it in Parandé. It is also probably the “ FH]. arenicola?”’ of Hensel and Leche, at least so far as regards the specimens with a basilar length of 23 millim, or upwards ; those about 20 or 21 probably belong to the next
. ee ee ee
the Serro do Mar of Parand. 61
species or to the true arentcola, There is a good deal of variation in its dimensions, and it is not always easy to determine immature specimens.
As the species is common over a large part of the longest explored region of Brazil, it may easily prove to have had some earlier name than cursor applied toit; but in the mean- while I use that which seems most certainly pertinent.
In my previous paper, under the heading of Akodon sp., I inferred that Wagner’s Hesperomys brachyurus was a member of that genus; but further consideration convinces me that, like Lund’s Mus lasturus (to which it is closely allied), it isa Zygodontomys, and has nothing to do with the Akodon group.
The Museum owes to Dr. von Ihering an example from Saio Paulo, which agrees closely with what Wagner and Natterer say of fH. brachyurus, especially in regard to the hairiness of the tail and the subequality of the first and fifth posterior digits.
9. Akodon serrensis, sp. n. 5 g. August and September, 1901.
Size medium, larger than A.arenicola, smaller than A.cursor. Fur thick and woolly, of average length; hairs of back about 8-9 millim. long. General colour above uniform finely grizzled olivaceous, nearest to Ridgway’s “ bistre,” this colour being obtained by a fine mixture of blackish and yellowish. Sides scarcely lighter than back. Under surface ochraceous, dulled by the slaty bases of the hairs showing through ; line of demarcation on sides not sharply marked; anal region prominently rich unmixed ochraceous. Head like body, the cheeks rather more ochraceous. Ears dark brown, rather, but not conspicuously, darker than the body. Limbs like body ; hands and feet dull brown above. Tail rather longer than the body without the head, very finely ringed, almost naked ; the minute hairs brown above, dull white below.
Skull, as compared with that of A. arenicola, larger, with a longer and narrower muzzle, much broader interorbital region, shorter palatal foramina, which only reach backward to the anterior third of m', and broader choane. Molars very large in proportion, as large as those of the much bigger species A, cursor.
Dimensions of the type (measured by Mr. Robert in the flesh) :—
Head and body 88 millim.; tail 78; hind foot, s. u. 22, c. u. 24; ear 18.
Skull: greatest length 27; basilar length 21; greatest
62 Mr. O. Thomas on Mammals from
breadth 13-5; nasals, length 11°5; interorbital breadth 5:3; breadth of brain-case 12°5; palate length 11°5 ; diastema 7:1 ; length of palatal foramina 6; length of upper molar series 4°6.
Type. Male. Original number 803. Collected 25th August, 1901.
This distinct species may be readily recognized by the rich ochraceous colour of the tips of its belly-hairs, the ochra- ceous of its inguinal region, its general dark bistre colour, and the proportions of its skull.
Of A. arenicola I have had for comparison with it, besides Darwin’s type from Maldonado, a series obtained by myself in 1896 at Colon, near Montevideo, where I found it very common.
10. Akodon subterraneus, Hens.
Five specimens.
These specimens and three others from Piqueté, Hastern Sfio Paulo, I refer provisionally to Hensel’s species, from which also I doubt if there is any sufficient reason to distin- guish Leche’s “ var. Henseli.” Both are from Rio Grande do Sul.
But if, as is possible, the reddish-brown Microtus pine- torum-like colour of the types of Lichtenstein’s Mus nigrita from Rio Janeiro, and Wagnei’s Hesperomys fuliginosus from Ypanema, Sfo Paulo, is in any way due to bleaching, these names would also apply to the same species, as would, I think, in addition Winge’s Habrothrix orycter from Lagoa Santa, founded on an imperfect skull. In that case the species, which would range from Lagoa Santa along the region of the Serro do Mar to Rio Grande do Sul, would have to bear the name of Akodun nigrita.
11. Oxymycterus Ihering, Thos. Oxymycterus Iheringi, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii. p. 308 (1896). dé. No. 817. 1st September. This is the first skin of the interesting annectant species O. Theringi which I have seen, the original series all having been in spirit. The general colour should rather have been
described as grey than brown. The former specimens came from Rio Grande do Sul, so that this is a northward extension of the range of the species.
12. Loncheres nigrispina, Wagn.
This specimen differs from the type by its dull-coloured
the Serro do Mar of Paranda. 63
belly; but the analogy of LZ. guiane, in which the belly varies from nearly pure white to dull greyish buffy, shows that this character cannot be depended upon in distinguishing members of the present genus. It is possible also that Hensel’s “ Phyllomys dasythriz”’ and Lund’s “ Phyllomys brasiliensis”? are also both specifically identical with the Parand form.
13. Coendou Roberti, sp. n.
Imm. g. 22nd August, 1901.
A spinous short-haired species allied to C. spinosus, F’. Cuv.
Spines showing throughout, not hidden by a long clothing of fur. Coat of spines and the fur between them thick and long, far longer than in C. spinosus, the individual spines in the middle of the back 60 millim. in length or more. Throughout, and especially on the shoulders, there are a few isolated hairs which overtop the spines by about an inch; on the loins these hairs, although not so long, are more nume- rous. Spines, as usual, white or yellowish white basally, black mesially, and on the back and sides orange terminally ; the proportions of the three colours such that on an average dorsal spine 60 millim. in length about 30 are white, 18 black, and 12 orange. Spines of face, limbs, and tail tipped with yellowish white instead of orange. Spines of rump, here partly hidden by the hairs, bicoloured, white with black tips. Sides of muzzle blackish. Ears quite hidden in the coat, each with a well-marked tuft of whitish bristles some 15 millim. in length. Under surface and inner sides of limbs hairy, grizzled cinereous, the bases of the hairs blackish, their tips whitish, the abundant underfur smoky grey. Upper surface of hands and feet grizzled whitish, with dark bases. Tail with the middle line of its basal half like the rump, with black- or narrowly white-tipped spines mixed with brownish fur; sides of basal half spinous, the spines bicolor, with broad whitish tips ; underside of basal half with stiff dirty buff bristles ; terminal half naked above, hairy and brown below.
Skull with the nasals broader and shorter than in C. sp- nosus, very broadly rounded behind. Supraorbital region not inflated, its edges sinuous, with well-defined ridges reaching back on to the anterior third of the parietals. Posterior nares widely open, their edge level with the back of m*. Bullee shorter and lower than in C. spinosus. Molars decidedly larger than those of that animal.
64 On Mammals from the Serro do Mar of Parand.
Dimensions of the type (immature *, measured in the flesh) :— on
Head and body 300 millim.; tail 230; hind foot, s. u. 58, c. u. 65; ear 24.
Skull: basilar length 55; greatest breadth 41; nasals 19x14; interorbital breadth 21°5; breadth between ridges on fronto-parietal suture 31; palate length 27; diastema 16 ; length of tooth-series 16.
Type. Male. Original number 797. Collected 22nd August, 1901.
Compared with the specimen figured by Mr. Sclater ¢ as C. spinosus this animal differs by its much longer coat, both of hairs and spines, the greater length of the orange tips to the spines, the broad tipping with white of the spines of the sides of the base of the tail, its larger teeth, and more ridged supra- orbital edges. In Waterhouse’s description} of the type of C. spinosus the account of the coloration of the caudal spines agrees exactly with the condition in Mr, Sclater’s specimen, so that of the two examples the latter is clearly the one to be taken as representing C. spinosus.
The date of Mr. Robert’s specimen—August—is conclusive proof that the absence of the long coat of hairs found in the common species is not due to a summer change, as has been suggested.
Neither Natterer, Hensel, nor Ihering seem to have ob- tained a porcupine of this type in Southern Brazil, and Mr. Robert is to be congratulated on so interesting a discovery.
14. Dasyprocta Azare, Licht.
Two. 15. Cavta rufescens, Lund.
Five.
16. Mazama nemorivaga, F. Cuv. Skull. ¢.
17. Didelphis marsupialis, Linn. One.
18. Metachirus opossum, Linn.
Two.
* Last upper molar just cutting the gum; the lower one, however, is upon a level with the others.
+ P. Z.S. 1884, p. 389.
t N. H. Mamm. ii. p. 421 (1848).
aE
ee eS eee
ee eee
On the Classification of Diatoms. 65
XIII.—On the Classification of Diatoms. By C. Merescukowsky *,
Tue division of diatoms into three groups—Raphidez (or Raphidiee), Pseudoraphidew, and Anaraphides or Crypto- raphidew—generally accepted to-day is based on the presence or absence of a true or a false raphe.
The first group differs very distinctly in this respect from the third—the Raphidez having always a true raphe and the Anaraphidee having neither raphe nor pseudoraphe, forming two natural and well-defined groups.
This is not the case in the group of the Pseudoraphidee. The name itself is but little applicable, a large number of forms having no trace of a pseudoraphe. This is so in the genera Nitzschia, Nitzschiella, Hantzschia, Eunotia, in a considerable number of species of the genus Campylodiscus, and in several species of the genera Surirella, Synedra (S. affinis, S. Laculus), Licmophora (L. araphidiea, Mer.). Finally, the genus Climacosphenia possesses two pseudoraphes and the subgenus Ardissonia three. This character is therefore too inconstant and variable to serve as a basis for classification.
On the other hand, the group of Pseudoraphidee is com- posed of forms very dissimilar with respect to the structure of the valve. Between a Nitzschia or Surirella on the one hand and a Synedra or Fragilaria on the other there is nothing in common, and the first two genera have certainly a much nearer relationship with the Raphidew than with the last two.
The Pseudoraphidee thus form an extremely artificial group. It seems as if all the forms which could not be ranged either with the Raphidez or with the Anaraphidez had been simply thrown pell-mell into this refuge.
In a natural classification this group should disappear, apd its disappearance will necessitate a new division of all the diatoms.
What is the most important character which should serve as the base for a truly natural classification ? I believe that it is the presence or absence of movement, which is merely dependent on the presence or absence of a slit in the walls of the frustule; this character should be taken into con- sideration before any other. Whether this slit be placed at the centre of the valve, as in the majority of the Navicu- loidex, or near one of its margins, as in the Nitzschioidex and the Surirelloidex, is of secondary importance only, as is
* Abstract of a paper in ‘ Scripta Botanica’ Horti Universitatis Petro- politane, fasc. xviil.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. iv. 5
66 Mr. C, Mereschkowsky on the
proved by the variability of this character in the Navicu- loidex as well as in the Nitzschioidem (WVitzschia angularis, for example, has a central slit), All the diatoms which possess a slit, and are consequently endowed with movement, thus form one natural group, and those which are destitute of slit and of movement form another.
I therefore divide the diatoms into two great groups— Mobiles and Immobiles.
I. Mopmes.—This group contains two very natural branches or sections. The first is represented by the Raphidez in its generally accepted sense; it is characterized by the presence of nodules and the usually central position of the raphe, and is well subdivided in its turn by Peragallo into three subgroups: Heteroidex, Naviculoidez, and ‘lropid- oidee (comprising in this latter only the genera Auricula, Amphiprora, and Tropidonets*). The second section com- ore the genera Nitzschia, Nitzschiella, Hantzschia, Cy- indrotheca, Epithemia, Rhopalodia, Denticula, Surirella, Cymatopleura, Stenopterotia, Podocystis, Hydrosilicon, and Campylodiscus. It is characterized by the absence of nodules (with the exception, however, of Rhopalodia) and the lateral position of the slit (with the exception of Nitzschia paradoxa, N. angulosa, and several others), whieh is always raised on a carina. In accordance with this last character it may be named Carinate (or Carinophorex) ; it is divided into the Nitzschioidex and the Surirelloidez.
II. ImmMoprtes.—The immobile diatoms can also be sub- divided into two subgroups: the first, comprising the old group of Pseudoraphidew with the Carinate excluded, is characterized by the elongated or bacillar form of the valves, by the presence of a pseudoraphe (with many excep- tions, however), and the absence of appendages, spines, &e.t To it may be given the name Bacilloidew, divided into Fragilarioidew and Tabellarioidee, according to the presence or absence of internal partitions. The second sub- group comprises the old group Anaraphidez, which name may be retained for it. It is characterized by the more or less rounded or angular form of the valve and the presence of processes, awns, or spines. ‘There is another character
* M. Peragallo (Diat. de Fr. p. 181) has suggested uniting these genera with the Nitzschioidex and Surirelloidex ina single group. This course does not seem to me to be good; the group thus formed would be com- posed of too heterogeneous forms. A Tropidoneis has certainly more relationship with a Navicna« than with a Nitzschia. The division which I propose here appears to me much more natural.
+ A very small number of Tabellarioidex possess them, however.
67
if Diatoms.
ation o
st fic
Clas
: Dy NOISICT ‘q
‘maprowdnpprg “X
‘maprorinpaqny “q “‘Maprorwvpnov.y B
“‘Papwonwyosxzprar *q
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68 On a new Alyceus and a Bulimulus.
which is very generally met with in the Anaraphidex and is always absent in the Bacilloidee; it is that the two valves of the same frustule do not correspond with respect to the position of their pattern or of their processes: for example, the two spots situated on the margin of each of the valves in the genus Actinocyclus are not superposed, but placed in such manner that the two lines which join them to the respective centres form an angle. ‘The same is the case with regard to the protuberances in the genus Awlacodiscus and the awns of the genus Chetoceros. The genera Rhizo- solenia, Cerataulina, Guinardia, Actinoptychus, Auliscus, Asteromphalus, Asterolampra, the majority of species of Biddulphia (cf., for example, B. Smithit), and many others are in the same case. ‘The frustule might be said to be more or less spirally twisted about its longitudinal axis.
The new system of classification is shown, then, in the scheme on p. 67.
The four diagrammatic figures represent transverse sections across the frustule of a representative of each of the four
ll. 2. 3. 4. Lis, eel = Raphidee. Carinate. Bacilloideee. Anaraphideg. — >a a Mobiles. Immobiles,
groups: e. g., Navicula (fig. 1), Nitzschia (fig. 2), Synedra (fig. 3), and Aulacodiscus (fig. 4). They will serve to show the relations existing between the new divisions and sub- divisions of diatoms established in the present note.
X1V.—Descriptions of a new Alycxus from Perak and a Bulimulus from Bolivia. By Hueu Futon.
Alycaeus conformis, sp. n.
Shell very narrowly perforate, conical : apex reddish ; lower whorls sometimes cream, sometimes suffused with pale pink, closely and finely obliquely striated; nepionic whorls with similar striation, but in reverse direction: whorls 5, very
On Two new Fishes of the Genus Loricaria. 69
convex, the last inflated, constricted about 2 millim. distance from the peristome, breathing-pore emerging at the com- mencement of the constriction and extending about half a whorl along the suture; aperture circular; peristome ex- panded, but not reflected, with an inner projecting rim ; oper- culum concave, with about 6 whorls.
Alt. 10, maj. diam. 84 millim.
Heb. Perak (Grubauer).
A. pyramidalis, Bens., with which this species has some- times “been confused, is quite a distinct species; it is much broader, has half a whorl more, coarser sculpture, a much more oblique peristome, and the constricted area is much longer than in A. conformis, which by its compact form reminds one of the ‘Tonkin species A. Messager, from which it, however, quite differs in other respects. Dr. O. von Méllendorff informs me that this new species has also been collected at Salanga Island.
Bulimulus compactus, sp. n.
Shell oblong-conic, thin, very narrowly umbilicated : apical whorls reddish brown, others whitish, with numerous narrow oblique stripes of red-brown, the last three have a rugose and somewhat malleated appearance ; nucleus smooth, except for some short, oblique, microscopic striz at the suture ; whorls 6, moderately convex, rapidly increasing in size, the last equal to two thirds the height of the whole shell; aperture oval, interior light brown; peristome thin, simple.
Alt. 16, maj. diam. 9 millim.
Hab. Chicani, Bolivia.
Near B. exornatus, Rve., and B. cinereus, Rve., but differ- ing from both in having fewer and more rapidly increasing whorls. B. evornatus has strong radial riblets on the apical whorls, whereas they are almost smooth in B. compactus.
XV.— Descriptions of Two new Fishes of the Genus Loricaria from North-western Ecuador. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
Loricarta frenata.
Teeth very small, numerous in both jaws. Head 13 to 12 as long as broad, 5 times in total length; snout much flat- tened, constricted and rounded at the end, strongly projecting
70 On Two new Fishes of the Genus Loricaria.
beyond the lip; head-shields finely spinulose, without ridges or keels ; eye in posterior ? of head, 4 to 5 times in length of snout, 24 to 3 times in interorbital width; no postorbital notch ; lower labial fold large, papillose, not notched, not distinetly fringed. Dorsal 17; first ray as long as or a little longer than the head, just above base of ventral. Pectoral I 6, as long as or a little shorter than the head, reaching a little beyond base of ventral. Ventral 1 5, shorter than the pectoral, reaching beyond origin of anal. Anal I 5. Upper and lower caudal rays produced into filaments. Lateral scutes 32-33, with two very indistinct obtuse keels, becoming stronger on the tail and uniting on the sixteenth or seventeenth seute; nuchal scutes without keels; 21 scutes between dorsal and caudal, 19 between anal and caudal. Breast and belly shielded; pectoral scutes numerous, polygonal; ventrals, 9 or 10 transversely enlarged ones on each side, and 3 or 4 series of smaller ones in the middle. All the scutes spinu- lose, but not striated. Male with a band of short hair-like bristles on each side of the head from the mouth to the gill- cleft. Olive-brown above; a black band along each side of the head, passing through the eye, sometimes continued on the body; base and anterior half of dorsal fin black, posterior half white, with or without a few black spots; other fins white, with large black blotches ; a black crescentic band on the base and lobes of the caudal.
Total length 240 millim.
Several specimens from St. Javier (60 feet), Salidero (350 feet), and the Rio Durango (350 feet).
Allied to L. rostrata, Spix, and L. panamensis, Kigenm.
Loricaria jubata.
Teeth small, few. Head 12 to 1} as long as broad, 43 to 5 times in total length; snout much flattened, pointed, feebly projecting beyond the lip ; /head-shields spinu- lose, with a blunt ridge above the eye extending to the snout below the nostril ; eye in posterior half of head, 34 to 4 times in length of snout, 14 or 1 in interorbital width ; a narrow postorbital notch ; lower labial fold large, strongly papillose, fringed but not notched. Dorsal 1 7; first ray # or % length of head, just above base of ventral. Pectoral 1 6, 4 to ? length of head, reaching base of ventral. Ventral I 5, as long as pectoral, reaching a little beyond origin of anal. Anal I 5. Lateral scutes 28-29, with two obtuse keels uniting on the fifteenth or sixteenth scute; nuchal scutes with two feeble keels; 18 or 19 scutes between dorsal and
On Meduse from British Columbia and Alaska. 71
eandal, 16 or 17 between anal and caudal. Breast and belly shielded ; pectoral scutes numerous, polygonal; ventrals, 9 or 10 transversely enlarged ones on each side and 3 or 4 series of smaller ones in the middle. All the scutes spinu- lose, but not striated. Male with a thick band of long hair- like bristles on each side of the head from the mouth to the gill-cleft, and another on the occiput and nape, also on the upper surface of the four outer rays of the pectoral fin. Brownish above, with five more or Jess distinct darker cross- bands, the first at the base of the dorsal fin; fins spotted with blackish.
Total length 210 millim.
Several specimens from St. Javier (60 feet) and the Lio Durango (350 feet).
Allied to L. lanceolata, Gthr.
XVI.—Preliminary Report on a Collection of Meduse from the Coast of British Columbia and Alaska. By Louis Murpacu and CRESSWELL SHEARER.
THE material forming the basis of this report was obtained by the junior author during a trip to the coast of British Columbia in the summer of 1900 in company with Professor MacBride, of McGill University, Since then additions have been received from Professor Kincaid, Seattle, Washington. These additions have enlarged and extended the range of the collection, besides facilitating comparison with forms already at hand. The list of species is as follows :—
Codonium apiculum, sp. n. Thaumantias cellularia. Turris breviconis, sp, n. Proboscidactyla brevicirrata. Gonionemus Agassiz, sp, n. Phialidium languidum.
Polyorchis minuta, sp. n.
gregarium. Mesonema victoria, sp. n. \ ~ ° 7 . Gonionemus vertens. SER ONOEHORAS
Syndictyon angulatum. Dipurena dolichogaster. Muggizea Kochii, Hippocrene Mertensil.
In addition to the above are the following, whose identity, through imperfect preservation, is somewhat doubtful :—
Sarsia eximia. Atollia Bairdii. rosaria. Obelia polystyla.
72 Messrs. L. Murbach and C. Shearer on Medusa
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES. Mesonema victoria, sp. n.
Bell hemispherical, twice as broad as high. Velum well developed. ‘Tentacles over one hundred in number, shorter than the diameter of the bell. Small papillae between the tentacles and below them; excretory papille beneath the velum. Otocysts present. Gastric cone lens-shaped, not pedunculated. Mouth much lobed, half as many lobes as there are radial canals. Radial canals about one hundred, running to the highest point of thestomach. Each radial canal is covered on its outer edge by a ridge of glandular cells ; sometimes these are continued over the stomach and oral peduncle down to the lobes of the mouth, resembling the appearance presented by the ovaries of Orchistoma.
Colour: bell transparent, organs opaque.
Collected in considerable numbers at the entrance of Victoria Harbour, and in Puget Sound.
Codonium apiculum, sp. n.
Bell nearly one half taller than broad. ‘The apical process on the bell is small and not abruptly set off from its surface. Apical canal short. Velum well developed. ‘The four tentacles are strong and can be protruded to great length when the animal is floating on the surface of the water. They are attached by strong tentacle-bulbs to the bell-margin. Each tentacle-bulb has two nematocyst-pads, one on either side. The stomach passes without distinction into the proboscis, which is cylindrical and thrown into circular ridges bearing the gonads.
Colour: bell-margin and radial canals pale blue; stomach and proboscis purple.
Found in Puget Sound, and in great numbers in Victoria Harbour.
Polyorchis minuta, sp. 0.
Bell 15 millim. high, 12 millim. broad, truncated-oval in shape. A prominent cone-shaped gelatinous peduncle depends from the roof of the bell, and to this the stomach » and the upper ends of the radial canals and the gonads seem to be attached. The lower truncated edge of the bell is nearly as broad as the velum, which is strong and 2°5 millim. in breadth. There are sixty-four tentacles with long slender tentacle-bulbs. ‘The Jateral diverticula on the radial canals
Jrom British Columbia and Alaska. 73
are short and only in a few cases opposite one another ; they are not club-shaped: there are about thirty-two on each side of the radial canals. The four groups of filamentous gonads hang from the proximal ends of the radial canals, reaching to the level of the velum. There are eight gonads in each group, the central one being the longest.
Found in Puget Sound.
This species differs from Agassiz’s P. penicillata in the lack of lateral diverticula on the ends of the radial canals next the circular canal, the larger number of tentacles, and the length of the gonads,
Turris breviconis, sp. n.
The bell is 4°5 centim. high, 3-5 centim. broad, the general shape of the bell being somewhat cubical. ‘The velum is well developed and strong. On the greater part of the bell-margin there appear to be two rows of tentacles, arranged zigzag. There are about one hundred and forty coiled tentacles, whose proximal ends spread out rider-shaped, clasping the margin of the bell instead of being fastened to it by means of tentacle- bulbs. Heckel has described a similar arrangement in the ten- tacles of Ziara pileata. ‘The walls of the stomach are much folded and evaginated into interradial pouches, looking like opposite diverticula of the upper part of the radial canals or stomach. There are five pairs of these diverticula bearing the gonads suspended from double mesenteries. The proboscis is not welldeveloped. ‘The four large mouth-lobes are scalloped and finely fringed, perradial in position. The gonads and the stomach occupy less than the upper half of the bell- cavity. ‘he radial canals are lancet- or spindle-shaped in outline, bearing unbranched but well-marked lateral diver- ticula throughout their whole length. Bell probably bluish or violet ; stomach, tentacles, and gonads dark red or purplish.
Found at St. Paul Island (Pribyloff Islands), Alaska.
Gonionemus Agassizti, sp. n.
This species differs from the others so far known by the smaller size and the greater number of tentacles, and the larger gastric cone. ‘lhe bell is hemispherical. The four radial canals bear the frilled gonads on the under surface. ‘lhe tentacles are provided with the characteristie adhesive pad near their ends.
Found in a salt lake on Unalaska (Aleutian Eslands).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vot. ix. 6
74 Bibliographical Notices.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum. Volume LI. Catalogue of the Arctiade (Arctiane) and Agaris- tide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Sir Geonen F. Hampson, Bart. London: printed by order of the Trustees. Pp. xix, 690. Plates xxxvi.—liv.
Tue two previous volumes of this large work were published in 1898 and 1900 respectively, and we congratulate the author and the authorities of the British Museum on the rapid progress which they have been able to make, though it is not possible that the book can be completed on the same scale under forty or fifty volumes at least. As Prof. E. Ray Lankester remarks in his Preface, “‘ The subject of the 3rd volume of Lepidoptera Phalene is the last of the three subfamilies of the Arctiada—the Arctiane, in which 946 species are described and classified; the Volume also contains the small family Ayaristide, with 225 species, a somewhat specialized develop- ment from the Noctuide, the antenne being modified in relation to their day-flying habits.”
These families of Lepidoptera, though not including any very large species, contain many of the most beautiful moths in the world ; and in addition to the crowded figures on the coloured plates, drawn by Mr. Horace Knight, the volume before us is further illustrated by 294 illustrations in the text, exhibiting the markings, venation, head, and antenne of each species thus figured, and sometimes the legs also.
The third volume is similar in style and execution to its pre- decessors, which we have already reviewed at length at the time of their appearance. An attempt is made to illustrate the mutual re- lationships of the genera by tables exhibiting the supposed phylogeny, and keys to the genera are given, based chiefly» but not exclusively, on neuration; tables of species are also given under each genus, chiefly arranged according to colours and markings. We note that the author does not recognize generic names unaccompanied by a figure, not even when they are applied to species which are figured, and therefore unmistakable. We are glad to see occasional and tolerably full descriptions of larvae. We regret, however, that more information is not afforded as to whether names sunk as synonyms are absolute synonyms, or whether they represent sections of genera or varieties of species respectively. An innovation which we have not seen before is the rejection of the letter ‘‘k” in the Latinized names employed, even in the case of those derived from proper names—Xanthospilopteryx Kirbyi being written X. Cirbyi. But granting that “k” is not a Latin letter, it is usual in most languages to use a foreign letter for foreign names, even if it does not belong to the alphabet ; and we doubt if any French entomologist of the present day would write “ Ueawer” for ‘ Weaver,” as was actually done by Guenee.
But however much we may find to criticize in the book before us in matters in which there is room for difference of opinion, and
Bibliographical Notices. 75
although it is impossible that so large a work can be free from occasional errors, its great and permanent value to all students of Lepidoptera cannot reasonably be disputed by anyone, especially on account of the numerous illustrations.
The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. By Tusoporx Cooke, C.L.E., formerly Principal of the College of Science at Poona and Director of the Botanical Survey of Western India. Ranunculacee to Rutacee. Published under the Authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. London: Taylor & Francis, 1901. Pp. 2 & 1-192.
On the completion of the ‘ Flora of British India’ by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1897 it was thought that the time had come when the preparation of local floras of that vast empire was feasible; the outline having been drawn, the details could now be filled in and more attention devoted to those local conditions which the scale of the previous work rendered impracticable.
The present work is a first instalment of an account of the Bombay flora, and also the first of a series of projected regional floras of India, organized by the Director of the Botanical Survey of that possession, Major D. Prain, following the lines indicated by his predecessor, Sir George King. Dr. Cooke, the author, has had excellent opportunities of making acquaintance with the Bombay flora at first hand, and the resulting large herbarium he accumu- lated has been collated as the work progressed with the extensive Indian material at Kew. This gives a solid basis to the production before us.
The descriptions of the genera and species are more detailed than in the ‘ Flora of British India,’ and naturally with greater attention to local citations, as befits the character of the book. We have not noticed many new species or plants admitted to that rank—only two, in fact; but on ground that has been so assiduously worked over that is not very surprising ; on the contrary, we are disposed to consider it a proof of sound judgment on the part of the author, who is further to be praised for the general excellence of his per- formance, which is enhanced by the pleasing and legible method of printing adopted.
The continuation of the work is assured by the authorization of the Secretary of State for India, and, when complete, the Presidency will be in possession of an admirable handbook of its flora.
Zoological Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands, and elsewhere, collected during the Years 1895, 1896, and 1897, by Arthur Willey, DSc. Part V. Cambridge, 1900, at the University Press. 4to.
Tux fifth part of Dr. Willey’s ‘ Zoological Results’ contains half a dozen articles of very varying degrees of interest to the general zoological reader, though each is good of its kind.
The volume opens with a “ Description of the Entozoa....” b Mr. A. E. Shipley, who states that Dr. Willey’s collection of these
76 Bibliographical Notices.
creatures contains examples of all the groups of Metazoa which infest land animals, except the Acanthocephala, and practically of all those, with the exception of the Crustacea, which are to be found in or on marine creatures. As, however, Mr. Stebbing records several species of parasitic crustaceans in an article in the same part of the publication, this group might be added to Mr. Shipley’s list. Besides a tick, which has not been identified, there are two Trematodes, seven Cestodes, six Nematodes, one Nematomorph, and a Linguatulid. Of these, six Cestodes, one Nematode, the Gordius, and the Lingua- tulid are new. The Cestode collection is not only rich in new species but reveals as many as three new genera. Of the ten parasitic Species among the Crustacea in Mr. Stebbing’s paper, six are new ; and there are four new genera.
Mr. Shipley’s article is followed by one by Mr. R. C. Punnett on the Nemertines. Out of twelve species, Mr. Punnett finds six certainly new, while others are probably so. In the third memoir, Mr. L. A. Borradaile describes the larve of the Robber-Crab (Birgus latro). It was thought that the young of this curious and aberrant land hermit-crab were born resembling the parent. Dr. Willey, however, discovered that the females go down to the sea at the breeding-season, and there wash off their young, which are born as zowas, into the water. He succeeded in obtaining some of these larve, and Mr. Borradaile, after describing them in some detail, comes to the conclusion ** that their characteristics are those of the Anoma- lous Macrura in general, and of the Pagurinea in particular .... and that their special feature is... . a certain simplicity of form throughout the whole erganism.”
In the course of a memoir on the anatomy of the rare imperforate Matrepore Neohelia porcellana, Miss E. M. Pratt notices the following important features:—1. A horny membrane lines the hollow tube which forms the colony. 2. There are certain aper- tures in the wall of the tube. 3. An epithelial layer and an endodermal ring canal encircle each aperture, the latter communi- cating with the ceelentera of the polyps.
Previously known specimens of the species had all the form of an incrustation on a Gorgonid stem. Miss Pratt appears to believe that Dr. Willey’s specimens had never any such support, but she is not convincing on this point. It seems. possible that the apertures she mentions were formerly occupied by branches of a Gorgonid or by some adherent organism which subsequently fell off. She regards Neohelia as being most closely related to Diblasus.
Mr. Boulenger describes, in a short note, a new blind-snake from Lifu—the second species only of land-snake recorded from that locality.
Finally, Mr. Stebbing closes the volume with a long and careful account, already alluded to, of certain groups of Crustacea. He records forty-six species of thirty-four genera. Eight of the genera and twenty-three of the species are new. ‘The most interesting form is the new Koleolepas Willeyi, a soft-mantled cirripede found living in symbiosis with a hermit-crab.
——
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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SEVENTH SERIES.)
No. 50. FEBRUARY 1902.
XVIT.—New Species of Eastern and Australian Heterocera. By Colonel C. Swinuog, M.A., F.L.S., &e.
Family Syntomida. Syntomis sala, nov.
3 ¢. Black, antenne with white tips; frons, collar, a transverse stripe at base of thorax, and segmental bands of abdomen ochreous ; the abdomen of the female is much more ochreous, and might be described as ochreous with thin black bands ; spots hyaline: fore wings with a wedge-shaped spot filling outer part of cell, a spot below base of cell, another beyond it in the submedian interspace; sometimes these are conjoined, filling nearly the whole interspace; two discal spots in the interspaces between veins 3 and 5, an elongated spot above vein 6 near the apex, and a smaller one in the interspace above it, always in the female, only sometimes in the male: hind wings with the basal half hyaline, divided by vein 2 from the discal spots, the costal and marginal borders being broadly black.
Expanse of wings ,8; inch.
Kina Balu (Everett).
Arn. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ix. 7
78 Col. C. Swinhoe on new
Syntomis verecunda, nov.
¢. Antenne black; head, thorax, and abdomen dark bright ochreous; bands black, one behind the eyes, another behind the collar, three longitudinal stripes on thorax, one transverse at the base, six on the abdomen with the extre- mity broadly green-black and glistening: wings hyaline, tinged with ochreous ; a bright ochreous stripe between costa and subcostal vein and another on vein 1; a prominent black subbasal spot below base of cell; a black band dividing the submedian interspace and finer band closing the cell ; costal, outer, and inner borders black ; all the veins black; a black patch at apex and another on the outer margin between veins 2 and 3: hind wings with the costa and outer margin broadly black, the black colour thickened at vein 2 and running up the vein to a point, the outer portions of the hyaline parts thickly smeared with bright ochreous.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inch.
Jaintia Hills.
Allied to S. fervida, Walker, of which I have a fine series from the Khasia Ilills; differs in the prominent subbasal black spot of fore wings and the hyaline interspace between veins 5 and 6; in fervida it is nearly all filled in with black and is much narrower and differently shaped; in one of my examples of fervida vein 4 has a small veinlet, so that the black band filling the interspace looks as if it threw off three veinlets on to the margin,
Syntomis aureola, nov.
¢. Antenne with white tips; head and body golden yellow; a black line between the antenne, blackish longitu- dinal stripes on thorax diffusedly filling the centre in this sex, a transverse stripe at the base, and seven black bands on the abdomen with the extremity narrowly black: fore wings dark chocolate-black ; a bright golden band between the costa and subcostal vein, a golden stripe on vein J, and most of the outer parts of the hyaline spots smeared with golden yellow on both wings: fore wings with the submedian interspace hyaline, divided in the centre by a wedge-shaped black bar; a wedge-shaped hyaline spot filling cell, a small spot at base ot interspace between veins 2 and 3, a pair of discal spots in the next two interspaces, a long spot in the interspace above vein 6 and a smaller one above it: the hind wings are mostl hyaline, with broad black costa and outer margin, the black running up vein 2 to the cell, and thus dividing the wing into two hyaline portions.
Eastern and Australian Heterocera. 79.
?. Only differs from the other sex in being more golden; the thorax very bright, with distinct black stripes; the abdomen with only six bands; the wings with the hyaline spots larger.
Expanse of wings 1,§,-1,7, inch.
oan
Allied to S. Grote’, Moore, from Yunnan, the type of which I have carefully examined; but the extremity of the abdomen is black in both sexes, and not yellow as in Grotez, and the costa of the hind wing is black, and not orange; it is nearer to S. submarginalis, Walker ; the hyaline spots are very similarly disposed, but the submedian interspace on fore wings in that species is not wholly hyaline, and the outer portions of the wing are golden, whereas in this species they are black.
Family Geometride.
Subfamily Mevoorevuy2. Nearcha ophla, nov.
&. Top of head and shaft of antenne white, branches black; body and wings with the ground-colour ochreous grey, nearly white, irrorated with black atoms, the irrorations thicker on the fore than on the hind wings,-making them darker-coloured : fore wings with a black ringlet at end of cell, indications of an interior line; a discal black line with black points; in some examples the space between is filled in with densely packed irrorations, making a broad medial band, also submarginal and marginal bands of pale blackish spots joined together, the margin with black points: the hind wing has a blackish spot at the end of the cell, a central line corresponding to the discal line of the fore wings, submarginal and marginal bands, and marginal black points as in the fore wings, but paler. Underside whitish, with some of the markings showing through the wings.
9. Like the male, but generally darker. There are eleven examples in the B. M. and five in the O. M., all collected together and mostly differing a little one from the other.
Expanse of wings 1,}, inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ ¢) in B. M.
Nearcha alba, nov.
3 3. Both sexes above and below pure white, shining ; the branches of the antennz in the male are more or less grey, 7*
80 Col. C. Swinhoe on new
the costa of fore wings has a slight tinge of ochreous ; other- wise the examples are absolutely without markings.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 3%, 2 1 inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ ?) in B. M.
Family Lithosiide.
Nishada melanistis, nov.
g. Antenne, head, and collar ochreous; a chocolate- coloured spot on the head and two on the collar; abdomen chocolate-brown, long hairs on each side and anal tuft ochreous: fore wings dark chocolate-brown, costal border broadly ochreous, as also are the cilia, except towards the hinder angle, where the inner portions are chocolate: hind wings bright ochreous, with the outer margin suffused with brown ; in some examples there is almost a complete band, in others there is only a slight edging; cilia ochreous, tinted with brown towards anal angle. Underside, palpi, body, and legs ochreous ; wings much as above, except that the inner lower area of fore wings is pale and there is no border to hind wings.
Expanse of wings 1,/, inch.
Kina Balu (Everett). Family Lymantriida.
Aroa flaveofusca, nov.
¢. Antenne with the shaft ochreous, branches black ; head dark ochreous, body brown: fore wings brown, with a large portion of the interior of the wing ochreous; in one example the fore wing is nearly all brown; there is also a large black spot at the end of the cell ; cilia ochreous, marked with brown: hind wings brown, the abdominal margin and more than one third of the lower portion of the wing bright ochreous; cilia ochreous, the upper part marked with brown. Underside uniform ochreous; a black spot at end of each cell: fore wings with a brown subapical waved band; a short longitudinal band or shade from the base on the hinder margin: hind wings with a brown apical patch.
Expanse of wings 75 inch.
Lawas, Borneo (Everett).
There is an example of this species unnamed in the B. M,. from Sandakan.
Eastern and Australian Ileterocera. 81
Euproctis calesia, nov.
@. Antenne with the shaft dull yellow, the short branches brown; head, thorax, and fore wings dull ochreous; a few orange scales in front of thorax: fore wing irrorated with minute brown atoms, which thicken a little on the lower portions of the wings ; a large blackish-brown spot at the end of the cell: hind wings blackish brown, dull ochreous towards outer margin, and the cilia of the same colour. Underside dull ochreous, all but the outer margins of both wings suffused and irrorated with brown.
Expanse of wings 1,3, inch.
Lawas, Borneo (Lverett).
There is an example of this species unnamed in the B. M. from Sandakan.
Darala figlina, nov.
o. Of a uniform dark olive-brown colour; shafts of an- tenue black, frons ochreous ; an ochreous spot in the cell of fore wings, in some examples a minute dot above it and another below it, all close together; a larger spot at end of cell, composed of two spots joined together ; a discal band of indistinct blackish lines on the veins: hind wings without markings; cilia of both wings ochreous. Underside as above, but paler; hind wings with a small ochreous spot.
Expanse of wings 14°5 inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
‘Type in OQ. M.
‘There are three unnamed examples in the B. M. from the same locality.
Darala Clementi, nov.
6 ¢. Of a uniform brown colour, without any markings above or below ; the male has the shafts of the antenne pale and the branches brown; there is a red tinge on the trons just above the palpi; the ground-colour of the wings is really ochreous grey, but the brown irrorations are so thick that they make the entire surface of both wings uniform brown; at some angles there is an appearance of a dark fascia or band across the centre of both wings above, and there are some long greyish hairs near the base of both wings. ‘The underside is a little paler than the upperside. ‘lhe female is similarly coloured, but much paler.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,4,, 2 1,8) inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ 2?) in b. M.
82 Col. C. Swinhoe on new
Family Lasiocampide. Clathe fola, nov.
3 2. Of a uniform grey tinged with mouse-colour; a broad central band on fore wings of slightly darker colour, edged on both sides with white, the band of nearly even width ; an indistinct grey spot at the end of cell: hind Mii uniform in colour, without markings, the coloration slightly darker than on the fore wings.
Sexes alike, the female slightly the paler.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 7%, 2 144 inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia.
Types (¢ 2) in B. M.
Sittina rhoda, nov.
3&. Head, collar, and shoulders cream-colour; antenna, body, and wings dark chocolate-brown ; abdomen white at the tip: fore wing with the discal portion hyaline, the costa and apex broadly brown, the outer margin narrowly brown and paler; a white spot at end of cell, a small white patch near centre of hinder margin, an indistinct line of white dots from it through the middle of the hyaline space to the costa one fifth from apex, where there is another white spot. Under- side: body cream-colour; fore wing as above; hind wing with a broad white central band, which is more or less visible above.
?. With the antenne, head, thorax, tip of abdomen, and the entire body below cream-colour, the abdomen and both wings above pale greyish chocolate; the portion of the fore wing hyaline in the male is cream-coloured in this sex; the costa and outer margin broadly and evenly greyish chocolate ; spots as in the male ; the band on the underside of the hind wings distinct and even as on the upperside, and also a submarginal band of cream-coloured spear-shaped marks with grey centres across both wings.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 14’, 2 2,% inches.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ ¢) in B. M.
Family Acontiide.
Megalodes pura, nov.
& 2. Head, thorax, and fore wings pure white; a brown s, ot in cell, from which there is a line of brown dots to hinder margin a little before the middle ; another similar line in the
a
Eastern and Australian Heterocera. 83
disk and brown points on the margin: hind wings grey, with white cilia.
Expanse of wings 1,%5 inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ ?) in O. M.
Family Sarothripide.
Hyblea canisigna, nov.
3. Dark ferruginous brown, with an olive tinge on fore wings; palpi, head, and collar dark chocolate-brown; a prominent white mark behind the collar made of four distinct pieces ("jj _): fore wings with a central band, elbowed out- wardly above its middle, the upper part outwardly shaded with dark chocolate, the lower part having its inward area of, the same colour; a discal recurved thin band; an apical short band, the cilia in front of this band just below apex of an ochreous colour, rest of cilia concolorous with the wing: hind wings dark chocolate-brown, with two ochreous basal streaks and three bright ochreous spots, one in the upper disk and two even with the outer margin; cilia bright ochreous. Underside: face yellowish white, body and legs bright ochreous with brown bands; wings dark brown, with bright ochreous markings and many spots.
Expanse of wings 1y45 inch.
Kina Balu (Everett).
The fore wings are coloured like those of H. saturata, Walker, which I have from Sarawak, Pittang, and Pattan, The spots on hind wings and the white mark behind the collar are very distinctive.
Family Palindida. Pterogonia nerissa, nov.
¢o. Palpi olive-grey, with the last joint black, smeared with some white scales ; head, thorax, and fore wings olive- brown; frons, head, collar, and centre of thorax smeared with white scales: fore wings with a brown spot at upper and another at lower end of cell, the entire wing covered with very minute brown striations ; some white points on costa, some on discal portions of the wings; a small white spot near hinder margin towards the angle ; a white smear at apex, down to vein 6, and a few white spots on the margin below the apex: hind wings blackish brown, the middle portion of the cilia ochreous grey.
84 Col. C. Swinhoe on new
Expanse of wings 1,%y inch. Perak (Kunstler). Allied to P. nubes, Hampson, from Ceylon, the type of
which is a female, but the fore wings are very differently shaped.
Family Stictopterida. Gyrtona tripartita, nov.
&. Chocolate-brown ; frons and top of head dark brown : fore wings divided into three uniform parts by two lines, ante- and postmedial, the former straight, inclining a little inwards from costa, the latter sinuous, both duplex, with pale centres and shaded exteriorly with dark brown; a sinuous indistinct line between them and two outer, indistinct, lunular lines, pale with dark edgings, the outermost one submarginal, with the marginal space filled in with dark brown, marginal line black, with pale inner edging: hind wings blackish brown, without markings. Underside uniform brown; fore wings with a small whitish streak near apex and four points on costa.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inch.
Goping, Perak (unséler).
There are specimens from Penang and from Pulo Laut in
the B. M. unnamed.
Family Quadrifida. Prorocopis tyra, nov.
3d ¢. Head, thorax, and fore wings dark olive-grey : fore wings with black transverse lines, basal nearly straight, antemedial outwardly curved and elbowed in the middle, and discal deeply recurved in its middle; there is also a grey- shaded thick band between the discal band and the outer margin; a black crenulated marginal line: abdomen and hind wings whitish, shaded with grey towards outer margin. Underside white, fore wings with brownish tips; otherwise without markings.
Expanse of wings, 3d 35, 2 175 inch.
Sherlock River, W. Australia (Clement).
Types (¢ 2?) in B. M.
Ercheia multilinea, nov.
?. Palpi ochreous grey, with brown bands; head and thorax ochreous grey, the latter streaked with brown; collar brown: fore wings with a large egg-shaped whitish ring,
Eastern and Australian Heterocera. 85
with dark brown interior, filling the end of the cell; the ground-colour of the wings is ochreous grey, with a slight pinkish tinge, and the whole surface is streaked with longi- tudinal streaks in the interspaces of black, brown, chestnut, and white; the antecilia line is whitish and the cilia brown : the hind wings are of the normal type of Ercheta, ochreous grey, with a whitish central fascia, broad brown outer border, with white patches on the margin: on the underside also are the ordinary markings of Ercheta, ochreous grey, with brown discal bands and postmedial lines.
Expanse of wings 2755 inches.
Goping, Perak (Kunstler).
There is an example in the B. M. from Perak unnamed.
Family Focillida. Zethes magniplaga, nov.
6. Of a uniform ochreous grey, slightly tinged with pale pink ; second joint of palpi with blackish bands; thorax dark chocolate-brown on each side; bands and spots on the wings of the same colour, very dark, nearly black ; a subbasal band on fore wings, a very large patch on the outer margin which extends from the apex to the middle and curves in and up- wards in a hook-like formation ; a longish spot close to the anal angle of hind wings; both wings are crossed by an indistinct sinuous grey thin band or fascia; a duplex straight grey line from apex of fore wings to anal angle of hind wings above the anal spot, not visible in the apical patch; a sinuous grey thin band between this and the outer margin; some pale submarginal points, most distinct on the large apical patch. Underside pale uniform ochreous grey, with two outer trans- verse grey lines.
Expanse of wings 15% inch.
Fergusson Island (Meek),
I have a paler example from St. Dignan, and there are also two examples from Fergusson Island unnamed in the B. M.
Family Hypenide. Subfamily Dezrorpinz. Diomea eupsema, nov.
6. Pale uniform chocolate-brown, slightly tinged with ochreous; palpi dark brown; collar cream-coloured: fore wings with several black triangular marks on the costa from base to one third from apex; at the apex there is a small
86 On new Eastern and Australian Heterocera.
black patch inwardly edged with cream-colour; an ear-shaped black mark at the end of the cell, many black minute irrora- tions on the inner portion of both wings, and an indistinct submarginal pale band also on both wings. Underside much paler than on the upperside, very uniform in coloration and without markings.
Expanse of wings 1; inch.
Goping, Perak (Kunstler).
Allied to D. livida, Hmpsn., but distinguishable for want of the discal dentated black line with white points across fore wings, which is a prominent feature of that species.
There is an example in the B. M. from Sandakan, Borneo, without name.
Nicevillea epiplemotdes. Nicevillea epiplemoides, Hmpsn. Moths of India, iv. p. 540 (1896)
The type is a female from the Downat Range, Tenasserim.
g. Antenne one third longer than the costa of fore wings, much longer than in the female, with stiff bristles to the tips ; the abdomen extends one third beyond the hind wings, the anal tuft is as long as one third the length of the abdomen and consists of four membranes thickly coated with ciliated short hairs; there are several brown specks in a row outside the brown discal line of the fore wings, in addition to the two mentioned by Hampson in his description of the female ; otherwise the markings and coloration of the male are similar to those of the female.
Lawas, N. Borneo (Everett).
Corcobara longipennis, nov.
3. Antenne, palpi, thorax, and fore wings rich chestnut- brown, the upper and lower sides of the palpi dark-coloured, nearly black; head and collar ochreous grey: fore wings streaked with brown, a black diffused spot near lower end of cell, with a white speck above it; a brown curved line from above centre of disk to apex, the outer portion of the wing more or less shaded with brown: hind wings greyish brown, paler towards the base, and with pale cilia, slightly ochreous : underside pale greyish ochreous; a brown lunular mark at end of each cell, a broad brown discal band on fore wings, a similar marginal band on hind wings.
Expanse of wings 2 inches.
Java (Fruhstorfer).
There is an example of this species, also from Java, un- named in the B. M,
Onan Amioid Fish from Brazil. 87
Subfamily Hrrevrz.
Genus ARRADE, Walker. Arrade, Walker, xxvii. 82 (1863); Hmpsn. Moths of India, iii. p. 99 (1895). Ziza, Walker, xxvii. 118. Lophocraspedon, Hmpsn. Ill. Het. ix. p. 185 (1893).
Arrade ostentalis, Ziza ostentalis, Walker, xxvii. 119.
Goping, Perak (Kunstler).
XVITI.—On an Amioid Fish (Megalurus Mawsoni, sp. n.)
from the Cretaceous of Bahia, Brazil. By A. Situ Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S.
[Plate II.]
ANOTHER small collection of vertebrate fossils from the Cretaceous Formation of Bahia, Brazil, lately presented to the British Museum by Joseph Mawson, Esq., F.G.S., contains the greater part of the skeleton of an Amioid fish. As no typical Amioids have hitherto been discovered in South America, the new specimen is of considerable interest and worthy of special notice.
This fossil comprises the greater part of the fish except the head, and most of it is in counterpart. The actual bones are preserved in the dark shaly matrix, and the specimen is asso- ciated with part of a small example of Diplomystus longi- costatus *.
The best side of the fossil is shown of the natural size in Pl.II. A few vertebra are evidently lacking anteriorly, but the others are well preserved in almost undisturbed series, and about sixty-five centra can be counted. These centra are much con- stricted, smooth, and without lateral pits ; all are deeper than long, except in the upturned caudal extremity. The ribs and neural arches in the abdominal region are very small and slender. The neural arches in this region are not fused with the centra, of which some are displaced and exhibit the facettes for their support. ‘The neural and hemal arches in the caudal
* A. Smith Woodward, “On Two Deep-bodied Species of the Clupeoid
— Diplomystus,” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. xy. (1895) p. 2, pl. i. fig. 1.
88 On an Amioid Fish from Brazil.
region are larger and stouter and much inclined backwards. In the part of the caudal region up to and including the first hemal support of the caudal fin there are thirty vertebral centra, but only fifteen neural and hemal spines, so that throughout this length the centra are duplicated in the pecu- liar manner so characteristic of the anterior part of the caudal region in Amza. Similar duplication of the first two or three vertebree within the tail is also observable. The relatively small centra in the upturned end of the caudal series corre- spond in number at least with their apposed hemal spines. Of the sixteen or seventeen hemal arches supporting the caudal fin all except the uppermost are stouter than the other hemal arches and have their spines expanded distally to bear the fin-rays.
The rays of all the fins are stout, closely articulated, and finely divided distally. The rather small pelvic fins ( plv.) are crushed together, but the anterior border of one is distinct and shown to be fringed with slender fulera, ‘The pelvic fin- supports resemble those of Ama in shape. The dorsal fin arises immediately opposite the insertion of the pelvic pair, and comprises only about fifteen rays, of which the foremost two or three are short and small. It is acuminate in front and somewhat deeper than long, the complete extent of its base-line not exceeding the interval between the pelvic and anal fins. The anal fin (a.) is much smaller and shorter than the dorsal, with ten rays. Its anterior border is well pre- served, but does not show any fulera. The caudal fin (c.) is very large, with relatively stout rays. It is disturbed at its hinder margin, but does not appear to have been forked. The scales are very thin and deeply overlapping, ovoid in shape, and marked with delicate concentric lines.
The only Amioids with complete vertebral centra suffi- ciently well known for comparison with the new NSouth- American fossil now described are Megalurus, Amtopsis, and Amia. Amia is distinguished by the great extent of its dorsal fin; while Amzops:s differs not in this character, but in the deep pitting of the sides of its vertebral centra*, The typical Megalurus, on the other hand, agrees in all particulars which can be compared. Mr. Mawson’s specimen may there- fore be referred to the latter genus, of which it represents a hitherto unknown species, to be appropriately named Mega- lurus Mawsont. ‘The dorsal fin-rays are fewer and the anal fin is slightly more remote than in any of the typical species
* See especially D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslay. Akad, vol. xvi, (1895) p. 17, pl. iii. fig. 2, pl. iv.
On Beetles from Mashonaland and East Afric. 89
of Megalurus from the Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) of Bavaria*. Its pelvic fins are also fringed with fulera, which have only been observed in one species, JZ. alti- velis t. The so-called Megalurus Damoni and M. Austent, from the English Purbeck Beds, have the vertebral centra pitted at the sides, and so ought perhaps to be referred to Amiopsis.
‘The occurrence of another European Upper Jurassic fish in the Cretaceous of Brazil becomes less remarkable when it is remembered that a typical Lepidotus is one of the commonest fossils in the same formation f.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Megalurus Mawsoni, sp. n.; fish, wanting head, right lateral aspect, nat. size.—Cretaceous; Bahia, <