i::\'OWLTON 19j2
THE
HISTORY
O F
LA P L A N D:
CONTAINING
A Geographical Defcription, and a f Natural Hiftory of that Country ; with an Account of the Inhabitants, their Original^ Religion, Cuftoms, Habits, Marriages, Conjurations, Employments,
Written by John Scheffer^ Profeffor of Law and Rhecorick, at V^fd in Sweden.
Tranflated from the laft Edition in Lattn^ and Illuftrated with many curious Copper-Cutts.
To which are added, The Travels of the King of Swedenh Mathema- ticians into Lafland : The Biftory of Livonia^ and the Wars there: Alfo a Joorney into Laf- Imd-i Finland^ &c. Written by Dr. Olof Rndbeck in the Year 1701.
LONDON: Printed for Tho, Newboroitghj at the Goiden^Ball in St. P^/^f s-Church-yard : And R. Farker un- der the Royal-Excha^jgey 1704,-
THE
PREFACE
T O T H E
READER.:
M R. ^cht^CY. the Author of this Hiftoryl ms imployed by the Chancellor of Sweden, to Travel into Lapland, and write a f articular Hijioryof that part of his Mafter^s Dominions ; which he did with all the Fidelity and Eocacfnefs that belongs to ajuji Hiftorian. The Tranflati^ on we now prefent to the World^ is done from the lajl Edition in the Original h3.t\nj and^ collated with a French Tranjlation Printed at Paris, which contains fever al AddQtidz^ that the Tranjlator had from the Author^ all which are here taken in. The Copper^Cutts we here make ufe of were done in France by Monfieur Bofs.
To make this Hiftory the mo ft perfect of any o^ this kindyet Fubltjh% we have here added to Mr. SchefFer, the Travels of the Kjng ^/ Sweden'^ Mathematicians in thofe Countries^ perform^ in the Tear 1695- Al^o Dr. Rudbeck Junior , his Journey into thofe Farts in 1701. And in the loft place ^ confdering the
Vicini*
PREFACE.
Vicinity and near Alliance of Livonia, we thought it not improper to conclude this Work with a true Hi^orj of that Country^ prefmning that the light if gives into the occapon and progrejs of the prefent War hetivem Mufcovy a^id Svv^eden, will recom- mend it as kill, ufeful and jeafonnble Vndcttakif^g.
VpO/^ the 7vhole^ we have omtted nothing, that cm render a Work of this Nature at once Inftru- £l'ive and Diverting. The Suhyxt of the Perform^ ame is fo uncommon and fur prizing^ that it carPt ^ut fix tpje Attention and or At if e the Curiojity. of the Reader. Here we meet wich a People opprefs'^d with Want ^ andpumjlfd with Cold and other In^ conveniencies of afroz^en Climate, Their Indu- ftry is the effect of Necejfty^ and their Arts are only calculated to guard off the Injuries they are otherwife exposed to. Their Cufioms are futtable to their Cli^r/atej and untainted with the Luxury of fofter Regions. And the occ^fwnal P^efexions made by our Autlms^ are made with that fudg'- mcnt and Sincerity that their Character requires. Their Obfervations are juft and important^ and anfwerable to the true def^/n of a Traveller. Be- ing fmgled out by the Court of Sweden, fupplfd frofn tlje Royal Treafury^ and endow'* d with Learn- tng^ and a fait Me K^now ledge of the World'; they were better qualify'* d for a jufl Difcovery ^ and judicious Remarks up^n Men and Things than the occafional Adventurers that viftt the other Parts of the World. Not to mention that the regfdrr Description of Animals^ Plants and Minerak^ r4nch is here met withy is what could ofdy M expected from Perfons of fuch a dijiiriguifh'^ tng ChMracter.
THE
THE
GON TENTS-
n H A P. L Of theName ofLa^hnd. Page i-
]!hap. II. Of the Situation of Lapland. p. 5.
^hap. III. Of the Temperature of the Air^ and Nature of the Soil of Lapland. p. 12.
llhap. IV. Of the Dtvifion of Lapland. p- ip.
^hap. V. Of the Temfer of the Laplanders, and fome other Qjialifications relating both to their Mmds and Bodies. p. 24.
>hap. VI. Of the Origine of the Laplanders.
Pv37-
llhap. VIL Of the firjl Religion of the Laplanders.
p. 53.
^hap. VIII. Of the Second^ or the Chrifiian Religi- on of the Laplanders. p. 60.
^hap. IX. Of forne remainders of Vaganifm in Lap- land at this Time. ' p. 83.
^hap. X. Of the Pagan Gods of the Laplanders, and their manner of IVorJhippng them at this Time.
P- 93-
];hap. XL Of the Magical Ceremonies^ and Arts of the Laplanders. p- 1 1 9.
Ilhap. XIL Of the Government of the Laplanders.
P- iS8-
Hhap. XIIL Of the Courts of Ji^ftice^ and Tributes of. the Laplanders. p, i<5p.
^hap. XIV. 0/^/7^F^/r^^/^^k Laplanders, p. lyd. ^hap. XV. Of the Language of the Laplanders.
p. i8d. Chap* XVL
R M rs:
Chap. XVI. Of the Hoiifes of the Laplanders.
p. 198-
Chap. XVII. Of the Garments of the Laplanders.
p. 21 !•
Chap. XVIII. Of the Diet of the Lapland Nation.
p. 222t
Chap. XIX. Of the Hunting of the Laplander^
p. 232.
Chap. XX. Of the Arms and Hunting Infirnmen^f
of the Laplanders. p. 24®
Chap. XXI. Of the Handicraft Trades belonging
to the Men in Lapland. p. 25^
Chap. XXII. Of the Employments of the Lapland
Women. p. 263.
Chap. XXIII. Of the Employments common to both
Sexes, p. 270.
Chap. XXIV. Of the Sports and Paftimes of the
Laplanders. p. 279.
Chap. XXV. The manner of Courtjhip and Marrii^
ages of the Laplanders. p. 282-
Chap. XXVI. Of their Child-hearings and the Edic-^
cation of their Children* p. 297.
Chap. XXVIi. Of the Difeafes^ Death and Burials
of the Laplanders. p. 307,
Chap. XXVIII. Of the Four-footed Domeflick Crtm^
tures of the Laplanders. p. 318^-
Chap. XXIX. Qf the wild Beafls of the Laplande
P-33
Chap. XXX. Of the Birds and Ftjhes. p. 342 Chap. XXXI. Of the Trees and Plants in Lai^laa^^
P- 352<
Chap. XXXII. Of the Metals Lapland, p. 357 Chap. XXXIII. Of their Stones^ Jewels^ and Pearls,
p. 3<^^
Chap. XXXIV. Of their Ri vers and fianding Waters
p. ^66
Chap. XXXV^ Of their Grounds and Mountains
3^9-
p. 3^94 A[hor\
CONTENTS.
i (hort Defcripion of the Great Ddedom of liahnd^ and the Lordjhif of Ingermanland. p. 373* '^he Lordpf of Ingria or Ingermanland. _ p. 377- ''hap I. -A Ceografhicat Defcripion of Livonia. ^ ^' P-378^ :hap.-II. Of the Antknt Inhabitants Livonia, ^ and their S^perfiitions and Cnftoms. p. 385.
"hap. III. Of the Religion^ Government^ Manners ^ and Ctifioms of the Modern Inhabitants of Livo- nia. P-390. Hhap. IV. Of the Occafion and moft remarkable AtH- ^ ens of the laft Tears War in Livonia. p. 401. An Account o f a Voyage of Charles XL late King of Sweden/i;^ the Tear^ 1694. Borders of
Lapland, with the Obfervations made by Mr. Andrew Spole, and M-. John Bilberg, two of his Mathematicians in the Tear^ 1695. ^'^ Lap- land, and fome other of the moft Northern Parts <?/ Sweden, by ffecial Command from his faid Ma-^ jefiy. P- 4^P-
Dlof Rudbecks the Tounger^ Nora Samolad , or Lapland illnftrated being an Account of his Tra-^ vets thro'' Upland, Geftricia, Helfingen, Me« delpadia, Angermanland and Bothnia, to the Wefiy with the DiftriEt of Luhlah in Lapland \ and to the Norths the Diftricl of Torna in the fame Lapland, together with Finland, Alandj and fome of the Eaftern Provinces ; containing a Defcripion of the true Situation of all thefe Places^ and the Diffofttion of their Inhabitants^ efpecially what relates to the Manners^ Inclinations^ Cu^ Stoms^ Religion^ Language^ and fir B Origin of the Laplanders j together with the FroduEts^ living Creatures J Plants^ Mines^ Mountains^ Woods ^ Lakes^ Rivers and CataraBs of thefe Countries, Taken from the Latin Original Printed in 1701. at
THE
tptl
T H E
I STORY
O F
L A P LAND.
L
C H A P. 1.
Of the Name of Lapland.
APLAND is mention'd under different Names ; jn prefo Johannes Magnus calls it Lappia, in which he mfior. perhaps followed the Footfteps of Saxo, who lib. 5.' fpeaks of the Lappias, Others have given it the Name of Lapfonia. OUus Magnus, the Brother of Johannes, has inferted Lapponia in his Geographical Maps of Scandinavia, and fo has James :^egler, who wrote be- fore him in his Treatife of the Northern Provinces ^ with whom agrees iiw^-f Varfalierfis and E/^rm , both of which place Lapponia amongft the moft Norchern Pro- vinces. The fame difference is obfervable of its Inhabn tants ; fome have given tbem the Name of l^^pP^^^^l herftein fays, That fome of the Lappi are more Civih^ed jj,jl,jpf, than others, and ff^exovius calls the Lappi an Uncivilized Mi(c L 4* Nation. Some have call'd them, after the Mufcovites, pe]%Sm, Diki Loppi, I e. Savage Laplanders , inhabiting the Woods Jovius terms them Lappones ot Laplanders, and tkces iherxi pear the Sea-Shoar of the frozeti Oceari.
Defcript* of Mufc.
Vefcr'tpti' Keg. Bor. in Jthier. i. 4. c. 9.
L. 3. c.
41. Ger. Ant.
Defcripr. Nor. c. 3S.
T/y^ Hijlor) of Lapland.
\tegter makes ufe of the fame Name, and fays they are Ota middle S'lZcChiverius gives them the Name of Lappiy Laffiones and Lofpi, in which Lmenius has followed his Foocdeps. Olaus Magnus calls them Lappicnes, but only in one Paffage ; and Herberflein the Loppl, which he had taken from the Miifcovites. Cluverius alio afHrms that they are cali'd Loppl^ by the Srvetics, Dane's and Norwegians. But why Damian a Goes in his' Letter to John Magnus ^ fhould beftow the name of Pllapii^ upon the Inhabitants, and that of Pilapla upon the Country, is not eafie to be determined, unlefs he had heard fomething of Pitha Lap" pia, and the Pitha Lajpi or Pithlr.ppi, i. e. the Lappi inhabiting the mark of Pitha. Peucerus, following his Footfteps, places the Piiajpi on the Borders of the Frozen- Sea, in the m.ofl Northern Parrs of the Demi Ifle of Scandinavia^ The Swedes call rhem tapper , and the Country Lapmarl^^ and the Danes and Norwegians Lap* land ; tho' Peter Ciaudi very frequently ftiles it Finmar* kia, by which he underliands nothing elfe but what is cali'd Lapponia by other Hiftorians , as is evident from the whole contexture of the Words in this Chapter. Of Finmarkia we (hall fpeak more at large hereafter, our prefent Purpofe being for Lappia or Lapponia ^ concerning the Etymology of which, the Learned differ in their Opi- nions, ^^^'^^y fetches it as far as Germany, who call an ignorant Fellow thus ^ but the Germans can't be fup- pofed to be the Authors of it, fince none of thofe who have given tis an Account of the ancient Germans have made any mention of it under thofe Names : Befides, That, confidering why it is hence cali'd thus by the Swedes, Finlanders and MufcoviteSy Nations of different Languages , how does it feem probable that a word in- vented at fuch adiOance from them, as Germany is, with the Inhabitants of which they had very little or no Cor- rcfpondcnce in thofe Days, Ihowld be received among thofe Nations bordering upon Lapland it felf; befide^ that TJeghr makers rhetn not fo Stupid, but fays they are good Artificers, efpccially in Embroideries. PVexonius^ his Opinion feem,s the ieaft probable of all to me, who derives this EtysKiology from the Swedijh^ it being cer- tain that Lappsr and Skin Lnpper, does not imply thofe that are cloathed in Skins, but the fame that is cali'd by rh inder the Greekj peiK\i^ i, e. Rags : Which has induced plaus Uifi^e* p^^^j iQ derive the Etymology of this Word from their y^^h'' ^ . appearing
f7 hi^
The Hijlorj of Lapland. . |
iopearing every Year in Rags in Sweden ; but the farn® night be applicable alfo to the Finlanders, efpecially finc^ iccording to H^cxcmius his own Confeffion, they don't al- ;vay^ wear Skins, but for the moit f)art Woollen^StuflS, ^ , 'hotius would have the Lajfi, Lopi, and Laf tones fo cal- Vindm ed from their Swiftnefs in Runnings bw befides chat, ttic ^om.p^rpe. iwedifi} word L^fa, which fignifies by the Germans as nuch as Laujfen or Running, is writ with a fingle P, where- IS the word Lapp or Lappi has a double one, The L4/>- nnders zvt no extraordinary Runners, ihey being behold-* ng for their fwift Motions, to a certain fort of Pattins^ yed to their Feet, by the help of which they Aide along ipon the Ice. Some are of Opinion that the Inhabitantf lave rather borrowed rheir Name from the Country, han this from them ; as the Norwegians and fome other Nations have done. Olaus Magnus feems to incline to his, when he ftiles the Lappi, Lappmannos, as he g^vei he Name of Nordmanms, li^cftmannos and Sude tnannci 0 others; the word Mdfini ftgnifying as much as Mett nhabhing Lappia, the Etymology of the L-tft of which hey derive from its Situation, being joined to Scandim-^ )ia like a Piece of a Rag ; or as Wexonius will have itj rom the Finland word Lappu , implying as much as an Extremity or Remotenefs. This Opinion carries along vith it no fmail probability , but there being another /vhich has a much nearer coherency, both with che^ word Lapp it felf, and the true Account given us of their Ori- gin, ought to take Place above all ; from wdience it ap- pears, that Lappia w^s not fo cairdfrom its Remotenefs, 3ur from the Lappi, Inhabitants. For, if it had got its I^ame from its remote Situation, it miift have been call'd Lapp, and its Inhabitants tapper or Lapmarl^er ; but fince 10 fuch Name is impofed upon them, the true Origin of rheii- Name ffeems to ha%^e been deduced from the Lap^ Ionian word Lapp, i. e Banifh'd or ExpelFd. We are obliged to Mr. ^achary Pla?itin for this Interpretation i For, the Laplanders being originally Finlanders^ (as will be ihewn hereafter) and forced to leave their nativ® Country, were afterwards by the Finlanders calFd Lafp$ 3r Exil'd, the beforementioaed word Lappi implying as iiiuch in the Finland Tongue, as one forced to the fe^ tuoteftPahs ; Which is quefiionlefs the reafon whf , if we (ii^y i)elieve Olaus Petri and Plantin himfelf, ifa the Pre^ km ^ his M, S, Lapland Diaionary , the bmer Sort of
In ScXTi' din.
L.3.C.1
Anttq,
Germ.
The Hiftorrji of Lapland.
the Laplanders can't endure to be call'd Laffs^ which the look upon as a nick Name given them by che Finlanders and from thence t^;ansferred to the Sxvedej, Germans an^ Mu/covites, the laftof which call them Lapps 10 this Day-; but the Country of Lapland is by the Inhabitants of the Lapmu)\ofVma cM'dSahmienladti, and by thofe cf Toma, Samecdnan, from the word Snbmi or Same^ of which more anon. There remains another QaefHon to be refolved, At what time the word happi or Lafpia was firft ulhered into the World, the Ancients being qui^e igno- rant of it ; we find nothing like it in Tacitus, tbo* he has not been unmindful of the Finlanders their nexr Ne gh- bours and Forefathers. No mention is made of^ them in Ptolomey,So!in.AntoniusAuguflus,I{utilius and others; Nay, the ^ord Lapland or Lapponia is not tobe met with among the ancient northern Hiftorians. Not to mention Jor^ nandes and Paul PVarnefried, even thofe who have writ- ten in the moft ancient I/land, Norwegian and Gothic!^ Languages, and have given usthe Hiftories of and Bofa^ of King Gotrzc, of B^olfus and Olatis, are quite fi- lent as to this Point. Adam of Bremen has been very careful to infert even thofe Matters he had only by hear- fay, but does not mention the word Lapland, no more than Sturtfon, who has left us the Tranfac9:ions of the 'North in his native Tongue : Which makes me difagree in Opinion with the Learned Cluverius (who is followed by Grotius) who would perfuade us, that by the word Lu- picnes in the Puetingerian Table, are underftood the Lappi or Lappones, and that they are the fame call'd Loppi by the {(ujjians, by the Svoedes, Danes and Kor^ wegians Lapper, and by the Germans Lappen. But con- iidering that the Author of the faid Tables is fuppofed to have lived under the Kelgn of Theodojius, and confeqaent- ly 600 Years before Adam of Bremen, it is fcarce to be imagined that he living at fuch a diftance fliould know L/fppia, when Adam of Bremen, who lived fo much near- er, is quite Ignorant of it ; fo that whatever thefe Lupi- mes may have been, 'tis certain they were no Laplanders^ that Word being in thofe Days unknown to the Northern Hiftorians themfelves. The Firft who Speaks of Lappia is Saxo Grammaticus^ wholiv'd about the Year of Chrift J 190. and confequently 1 1 3 Years after Adam of Bremen^ who flourifhed in 1077. from whence it is reafonably to be concluded, that the word Lappia owed its Origin to
that ^
The Hi/orj of Lzphnd. 5
that interval of Time. Tis true Saxo fpeaks of the tap- pi under the Reign of Otho III. who was Contempora- ry with Alaric the Srvedt/h King, and Reign'd not long before our Saviour's Birch ; but in this PafTage Saxo on- ly mentions them under the fame Name. They were known by this Age, without any further regard to their ancient Names ; for if the fame bad been known in the Time of Adam of Bremen , he would not have pafs'd it by in Silence. After Saxo, one Eric of Vpfal, who lived in 1470. makes mention of Lappia amongft the other Provinces of Tavaftia, Careiia and Nylandia. Next to Defarip. him, the beforementioned James ^iegler^ has not only Sweeden. mentioned but given us a Defcription of this Country, its Nature, true Situation and Inhabitants, being known but to few , except fome in Smden, through- out £^r(7/>^. And thus much of the word Lappia or Lap^ ponia.
C H A P. II.
Of the Situation of Lapland.
I T will be a very difficult Task to inveftigate the true * Situation of the antient Lapland, Saxo makes it to border upon Jempten, as appears from his Words ; Hs hined the Provinces 0/ Helfingen, Jempten 4«J of the farnberi, with both the Lappias, under the Jurisdidlion of Dimarus. From hence it feems to follow, That the Li- nits of Lappia extended to the Borders of Helfingen and Finland, which is confirmed by thefe his following Vords : He ordered that bejides the Province of Helfingen tndboth Lappias, Finland WEfthland fhouldpay him t Yearly Tribute. So that he puts it betwixt Helfingen md Finland, bordering on one Side upon Jempten, on :he other upon B^hland. But Eric Olaus, otherwife cal- led Eric of Vpfal, feems to make it appertaining to F/m- The next Country, fays he, to Sweden and Ruffia, %nd Bordering upon both, is Finland, m'th thofe Countries helonging to it, viz. Tavaftia, Careiia, Lappia and Ny- landia : Here he makes Laplmd to be part of that lingdomi which bordering both upon Sweden and Muf
"5 T^he Hifiorj of Lapland.
fovy^ IS known by the Name of Fimiia or Finland ^ and it fecms as if Eric did precifcly afTign its Situation be- twixt Carelia and Njilatid, by putting it in the middle of thefeTwo. QIaus Magnus fhces ii beyond the weftcrn Bothnia (as appears from his Map,' bordering upon Scriks finnin zndBinrmin^ fo as to put Scril^finr/ia molt North- ward, Biarmia to the Eaft, and Lapland to the Wdl. John Magnus, Brotherto Olaus, hasthcfc following Words, Jn fref^ Sweden borders on the North upon Biarmia, fituate midcr ^pr^ Jdifl^ the Bole f being formerly a Kingdom of the EafL. part of which is that vaji Country called Scrikfinnia, of vphich Procopius relates fo many Fables^ to the South of vphiclr nre both the Lappias, There are not a few who are of Opinion, that Pefcrlfu there is no fuch Country aaScrikJinnia. T^ere is no fuch Sw^e. ' Country toie found, (ays Bur.eus, Scr^kfinnia, tho men- tioned by Saxo the Zealander : Thus much is certain, That now-a-^days there is no Country known by that Name in thofe Parts. Nevenheleis we ought to be ve- ry cautious, how to flight the unanitpous Opinion of fo many Learned Authors, efpecially of Saxo, a Man well verfed in the Norrhcrn Affairs ; if we confider, that Khey give us not only the bare Name of it , but al- fo a particular Account of the Nature, Manners and In- (clinatio^s of its Inhabitants, and of the Conftitution of their Government. My Opinion is , That inftead of Scrikjinnia or Scricfinni, mentioned by Johannes Magnus Oiaus Magnus^ ought to be read Scritofinni ; for I can^t agree with Bountus^ who would have it writ Skid^ finni, becaufe all the Antienrs, tho' differing in the reft, ^gree in this, that it ought not to be exprefs'd without ^13 Ro So Jermndes calls them Scretefenna^ Paul War- fiefried $critebeni, by changing the F into a B. Adam of Bremen Scritefinni, And the Greekj agreeing in this "Point with the Latins, is a Confirmation of our Opinion, being fometimes call'd by Procopius '%ytei^i(piK>i^ fometimes XMA^ipv'd^. And the Thing proves it felf, the Scrkefin^ ni being the fame with the Finni, who derive their Name, according to the Etymology of their barbarous iLanguage, from Leaping. They have a peculiar voay of Leaping^ fays Paul Warnefried^ and overtaking the voild £eajis,j by the help of their Wooden Shooes^ which are bent tint mh'ke an Arrow, They owe therefore the origin of ^beir Name not to the word Skidh^ or their Wooden ^hooess ' bur to their Leafing or ^nmn^ yery fwift with
The Hifiory o/Xapland.
thofeShooes, which beyond all difpute was antiently ex- prefs'd by the word Skrida; as is evident from the Au- thority oi Wnmius, in the 46 Page of the Lpoman Didi- onary! where he alledges the Words of H.i?ar, who made 3 iolemn Oath that he would obferve the Conditions of the Peace, as long as F/«'.«r Skridar; i.e. as long as the LapkK'ders can Leap ; the interpretation there m- ferted fi^nifying The Finlanders leaving their Bodies be. hind, md Iraping up and dmn bemg hr from the Purpofe; forf tt .h,s Day thefe Wooden Shoces or Pattins, which they ufeupon the Ice, are called 5^^^^^^" , and the word Skirida fignitying as much as fltding along, confirms it ; becaufe they don't lift up one Foot after another, as is commonly done in Running but move fledfaPdy along upon the Snow or Ice, as ftall be^ fhewn hereafter, w4h has perhaps induced fome H.tas, ^^c^^- and among the reft Mam of B.emen to call them ama f ^^^^ topodes, when he fays, Thcfe are the fame called h SoLn Himantopodes , vphich fgnifies Leaping upon one Foot. This feems to luit exadly to our Sentofinm ; for wnen ^^^i^^ they undf rftocd that Skrid't implyed as much as to creep c^um m along, what other Idea could they form to themfelves «to!,e^ concerning thofe Scritofinni, but that they were a fort of per gen- People not walking by lifting up one Foot after another like^he reft of Mankind, but fuch «t"^^^™^:7ifS 52 I like Serpents, of which we ihall fpeak more a"^"' J;"jf^ in Chapter where we (hall defcribe to you the manner howj . l the Laplanders Aide upon the Ice ; being only in th^s^ Place to evince, that there were formerly and fill aie fuch a Nation as Scritfinni or Finni, who Shde along upon the Ice, for which rcafon the Country they Inhabit juit- ly may claim the Name ofScriofinnia or Scrttfinma. 1 be fame Judgment may be given concerning B^''''^'^' ^^^j^^ is call'd in Qaeftion by fome, tho' it be unqueftionable- ifcat feveral of the antient Hiftorians have made mention of it : And among thefe a certain Hiftorian who has given BS an Account of the Deeds of Heraud and Befa in the antient GothkK or J/7.«^ Tongue who calls Chap. 7
Places Biarmaland. Nay, what is more, he Names^one ^ib^x. of their Kings to have been H^r^^r, and h-?^ two Son Rarick^nA Siggeir. Saxo likewife mentions ^^^^^.^^^ Kings, wholflfays, Reignd when Heg^f^ was King of ienlark; he makes it adjoining favs that the King of Biarmi^ foaght for Shelter by Ma-
The Htftory of Lapland.
* Unqueftionable, That Scritofinnia^ as well as Biarmta, are mentioned by the ancient Authors, yet may it be - esilTd in Qj^ftion, Whether they were one and the fame. ^t>r Two diltind Provinces. Oiaus Magnus and Johannes iiiagnus are the only Two, who make a real diftindion betwixt them; the reft, Procofius, Jommdes, Paul Waryie fried and Adam of Brefnen, who all make mention of Scritfinnia, never Speak the leaft Word of Biarmia: Whereas on the other Hand thofe antienr Northern Au- thors, who have mentioned Blar?nia, are quite filent as to Scrhfinma, 'Tis true, Saxo mentions them both, but fo as to name Scritfinnia but once in his Preface, whereas in all other Places he mentions Biarmia, with- out making the leaft mention of Scritfinma, From whence I conclude, That the fame Country is mentioned under two different Names, being by the Northern Au- thors called Biarmia, and by the Foreign Hiitorians Scrit-^ finnia. What confirms me in this Opin.on, is, That as Adam of Bremen makes Scritfinnia adjoining to the Pro- vince o( lieljinghen ; fo the' Author of the Hiftory of JJeraud and Bofa does the fame with Biarmia, .when he faysv That there are Forefts and R-^vers there which ex- tend and exonerate themfelves into the Bay of Gnnduja, now called the Bay of Bothnia, and Bordering upon Meljlnghen. Befides this, the very Name of Scritfinni ar- gues them to have been of the fame Extradlion with the tinlandersj and in an antient Chorcgraphick, Table alledg- €d by Grotius, the Fcnni are diftinguiflied into the Scrit- finni and F(edefenni ; the fame may be fuppofed of Biar- tnia, by reafon of its Neighbourhood, and that the be- fprementioned Author of the Hiftory of Heraud aflbres us, that they ufed to Worfhip their God under the Name of ^omala, which to this Day fignifies as much as God in the Finland Tongue. There are alfo feveral other Things, fuch as their manner of Darting, their Magick, and fuch like, recited by Saxo, which thofe of Biarmin are faid to have in common with the Finlanders, So that it feems yery probable, that Biarmia was a Colony of Finland, the Inhabitants of which were called Scritofinm by Fol l-eigners, from their Swiftnefs of Running upon the Ice, It being thus granted that the Biarmia and Scritofinma of the Antienis were one and the fame Province, there re- ttiains ftill another Queftion, to wit, Whether this be fam®5 ^hkh afterwards was called LapfonU qx Lap^
land?
The Hifiory of Lapland. 9
nd ? The contrary of vihlch has been alTerted by Otam
nd Johannes Magnus, as is evident out of their Geogra-
hical Tables or Maps, and the beforementioried De- .
ription given by them. But according to this Suppofi-
on there is no room left for Lafland. For if Scritfinnia.
nd Biarmia extend on one fide as far as to the Borders
f Helfingen and Jemften^ and the other fide ro Finland^
ay even to the Bay of Bothnia, (as has been alledged be-
)re) what place is there left for Lapland ? Olaus and
ohannes Magnus are therefore both in an Error, when
ley place it South of Biarmia and Scritfinnia, all the
ther antient H ift or ians having put it far beyond it. What
as been alledged by fome, vi^^. That the Biarmia of the
.ntienis did extend no further than what now-a-days is
ailed by the Swedes the Province of Trennes, is fufiScient-
y confuted before. There are fome, fays Bureus who are
f Opinion, That the Province called TtennGsh the Swedes, ^^'^^J" '
•ythnienni by ^'^^ Laplanders, Tarchana Volach l>y the
dufcovites is the fame with theBhrmm of the Antients; th$
Itymology of this Word arifing, as it feems, from the Fin-
md TP^?rJ Varama, fignifying a mountainous Country, ^ But
F Trennes is the fame with the Biarmia of the Antients,
/here are thefe Rivers, that exonerate themfelves in the
lay or Gulph of Bothnia ? How does this agree with
:s Bordering upon Finland ? All which makes me believe,
bat what is now-a days called Lapponia is not a diftindk
Province of that called by the Antients , Biarmia and
critfinnia, as Olaus and JohannesMagnus fuppofe,but that
be fame Country called antiently Biarmia by its Inhabi-
ants, and Scritfinnia by Foreigners, did afterwards
;hange its Name , for fome caufe or other, into that of
.appia or Lapponia. Thus much is certain. That now-
-days there is no fuch Country as Biarmia or Scrufin-
lia to be found in thofe Parts s from whence we may ra-
ionally conclude, that what the Antients comprehended
mder the Names of Biarmia or Scritfinnia^ is mcluded
n the modern Lapland ; which beginning from Jernpten
ind Angermanland, extends all about both the Bothmas
md runs up to| the Borders of C areli a md Finland ; io
:hat it comprehends that whole vaft Northern Trztt ot
Sround fituate betwixt the Ocean, the mf e-Sea and
the Lake of Ladoga, which are the felf fame Litnits lettled
by the Antients for their Biarmia and Scritfinma, except
rhat they ^id not extend it as far as to the Ocean, thi$
10
The
Ik Sifpm,
>e Hiftory of Lapland.
themfelves, becaufe they have made Scritfinnia and iur- ma difFerenc Countries from LafUnd ; and DamUr. « Goes Who, whatever he knew of thofe Parts, he had taken trom them (as having been well acquainted with them Dottij lays, rhatit extends to mkiwmi Regions ; Thefe are his Words, Lappia is by the Sea cf Bothnia, divided tnto the Eaftern md Weflern Lappia, its utte. mofi Bounds
*1 Zx - . 7 ^""^ "^^"""'^ ^^'^ ^"fi « l"»ders upon the l^tte-Lake, to the North it comprehends Jcverai Pre- vmeet and extends to unknown l{egions. Becaufe he knew not what fort of People inhabited chofe more northern Farts adjoining to ih« Ocean J the Antients having, be- lides the Scritfinni, affigned thofe Parts to the Cynocevha. h, Bujn, Trogledita, Pygmcei and Cyclopes, befides feveral others, not to mention the Himantopodes, of whom we have fpoken before. But I am apt to believe there are but few in our Age. who queftion, That all that Tradl ot Oround 1$ inhabited by the Laplanders, thofe who nave 5ailed along thofe Coafts, having met with no other Nation thereabouts. Peter Claudi fpeaks to the lamePurpofe, when he fays: T^^ Maritime Finlanders, (meaning the Laplanders, as has been (hewn before, and wiJI be further demonftrated hereafter; Inhabit all the Sea Shear towards the North and Baft, which has been confirmed by the Teftimony of thofe, who in the Year, r>„« ^ ^^^^ King of Sweden, to take
Chap. 9. a View of Lapland. Charles IX. fays Olaus Petri, then K'«g of Sweden, being defnous to be truly informed concem- tng the Condition c/ Lapland, fent thither at two feveral Ttmes two famous Mathematicians, to wit, Aron Torfius 4 Swede , and Jeremy Birkholten a German , who being provided with good Mathematical Inftruments, and all other neceffartes, did make their Obfervations with good Succeft, and found the Continent to extend not beyond the 73 Degret of the Elevation of the Pole, the furthermoft point of Land i'eing h orkxm (or rather Northcapej not far dijlant from the Fortrefs of Wardhoufe, beyond which they faw nothing but the Frozcn-Sea. But fettfng afide that part of Lap- foma, which extends to that Ocean, we will for the prefem give yoa an Account of that which is under the Jurisdidion of Swedcn.This is of a verylarge extent, which makes P^^ulims fay, nat Lapland may be compared in its extent with Sweden it felf {^to^ttXj fo called.) Andreas
BUTfiltS
Defcrtp. iNorway, «hap. 27.
t I. C. 16.
The Hipry c/ Laplna. ii
'lirfw allots above a Hundred German Leagues for its In longhu- en,th and Fourfcore and Ten for the Breadth. This whole dine, lOO, [S is now comprehended under the Nan.e of Lafland, ^nl^n^ ,v the unanimous Confent of all thofe who have given ne_90^"^i ,s the Defcriptions of this Country. If we intend to •alculate the Climate, according to its Compafs, vve mult 5e"in in the 64 Degree of Latitude to the 71, and make ts'^Length zj Meridians or more, thele are Bureaus his iVords • The greateft fart of the Southern and inland Lap- j)efcript. oiz belongs to the Crown of Sweden, a vafi Country ex- swee. -endin'^from the 6^ to the Ti Degree, mxonius fpeaks to /. x 21 . ■he fame Purpofe , The Situation of the Lapmark of Uma, bezins a little beyond the 64. and extends to the 71 degree all which is fubjeSl to the Jurisdiaion of Sweden, accord- ing to Pontanus, 6c. Here it is to be obferved, that un- der the Lapnark of Vma he camprehends all the other Lapmarks of Lapland, as is evident out of B«r.«/, whom he cites, when he ipeaks fomewhat obfcure nimlelt Thus far ofits Latitude 5 the Longitude being to be belt wnderftood from thofe who have Travelled in thofe Parts, who all put its beginning under 38 and the end about the 6%th degree. We will fay no more of its Situation in eeneral nor of that which belongs to the Swedes in par- ticular but only give you the Words of Damian a Goes a 2)e/cr;>. Portugefe Knightj Lapland » by the Sea of Bothnia dtv,- Rifp. ded into the Eaftem and TVeJiern Lappia, Tornia ^ext adjoining to the Sea Shoar. To the Bap it Borders upon the White-Lake, to the North arefeveral Provinces extending to unknown Regions. To the Eafi ofpajlte tolOAnd it extends its Bounds to Norwegen, on the other Side of Norwegen it lies enclofed betwixt Sweden, Finland, and hoth Bothnia's : But what he fays of i« being divided Cap. a, bv the Sea is with good Reafon contradided by Olaus Petri, who fays thus 5 Vt^is befo, we muft fupfofe one Part 0/ Lappia to be in Finland, or in the Eafiern Both- pia the other in the fVeJlern Bothnia 5 which, how_ un- likely it be is obvious to every one', no Body betngfo tgno- rant in thofe Parts, but knows that Lapland ts at leaji i 8 or 20 German Leagues diftant from the Sea of Bothnia. This however is to be underftood in/^ference to the timtsoi Damian, for Olaus Petri confefles himfelf that the Laplanders in former Ages had fettled their Habita- tions near the Sea of Bothnia, but were forced from thence. To conclude this Chapter, I will give you the ^able of the LongitBde? '"^^ ^"^Obfer
^« The Hi/lory of Lapland.
Obfervations made by the Two before-mentioned M. tbematiaans Aronjorjlus and Jeror^e BirckhZl '^^^^^ Year, i6oo. as it has been left us by OUus Petri
Pitha Luhla Torna
t^appiarf
Antowara
lenohjU
Porfanger
Porfanger
Lingen
Trcenees
£uvenes
litifure
Long.
38, o. 40, o.
27.
42, 20.
44» 4- 4^, o.
44» ^•
43, 35- 37, 30.
32, 30.
33, 35. 37, 55.
Latir.
<$5, II.
66, 14. . 66, 30. . 67, o.
67, I. 70, 9, 70, 26.
70, 50.
71,4^-
71. 35- 70, 30. 70, 25. 70, o. 69, 40.
41, 40. ^'i?^^^ 38,35. Tingvar 33, o,
39, 30. K^outokrinc 42, o.
Hwalfund 42,40.
%//c(r 38, 50.
T/-«»i/^f 35.52.
Andalas 32^ q.
^^r^i?;? 32,' 20.'
Wardhuus 52, o*
^^^^r^^^/ 45, 30.
f^ong. Latit.
60, 15.
• 68,59.
• 69, 40.
• ^>9.47.
• 69, i7.
7i,35» 7/ , 26.
71, 12.
71, i8. 70, 55. 70, 30. ^9, 3. 71,55- 72,30.
i
It IS time now to proceed to fome other Matters re- lating to this Country, after we have giren vSu a mI J fiiewing its true Situation. ^ ^
CHAP. III.
Of the Temperature of the Air, mi Nature of f*e&;7 c/ Lapland.
T^,5,".^^V^^'"^ to be conlidered , after we Rave
flhntr^ ^t,^- Vt . ' the Other hand it never rifcQ
SjfL C f'*^; Obfervation. T/... ,«X
aJledged for th« Darknefs » the Winter, takes place
foip
The Hi[tory of Lapland.
r the continual Daylight in the Summer Seafon. Petit
(audi in his Treatifc of Norway fays. That the Inhahi-^
nts there enjoy the benefit of a continued Day for fever al
Imths in the Summer, and if it be very clear, the Sun ap-
>ars as wcK in the Night as the Day time ; but during th0
'/inter Sea fen they are involved in Dar^nefs for fever at
ionths together, Herherflein fays that the Sun remains
nly forty Days together above the Horizon ; thefe
e his Words : We mre alfo informed^ That in thofe
arts inhabited by the Savage Laplanders, the Sun did
jver fet for 40 Days together about the Summer Soljiice ^
t fo as that the B jdy of it appeared fomewhat dar^ned,
s I{ays being not to be perceived ; neverthelefs they did
n want Light fufficient to go about their neceffary Occa-
ons. But this does not contradid what has been cardan
lid of Lapland in general, fome Parts of it laying j^^^ ^..^^^^^^
?arer to, others more remote from the Pole; oihtxs uhnthis
lore to the Eaft, others to the Weft, from whence z-fromheme^
fes this difference of the Suns continuing more or few- rvhhout
r Days above the Horizon. It is further to be obfer- mntwnm
ed, That tho' the Sun never fets in the Summer Sea- »^^^^^^<?r,
>n, neverthelefs does it not afcend much above their
[orizon, but its Rays only Aide along the Ground,
; in the Winter time it does not go far below it ; which
1 the Reafon, that, tho* for feveral Months they have
continual Nighn , yet are they not quite bereaved of
)me glimpfes , which makes a kind of Twilight.
'iegler fays : They have for three Months together no other UbJeK^g^
ut a kind of Twilight, and that only a few Hours, refem- Septent^
ling our clear Moon-Light. Johannes Magnus fpeaks to
le fame Purpofe ; The abfence of the Sun is in fome l, 8, Ch^
leafure recomvenfed by a double Twilight, One in the Morn- 36.
^g the other in the Evening, which being the fmall i^f-
i^inders of Day-Light make the Night tolerable. The
arther the Sun is removed from them, the more they
njoy the benefit of the Moon , which rifing very high,
ffords them a very confiderable Light ; fo, that what
ther Nations perform in the Day time, is by the Lap-
mders done by Moonlhine. It is certain, fays Johannes l. S. Ch..
\4agnus, that the defeB of the Sun in the Winter time is 36.
mch abated by the clear Moonlight, among the Laplanders ;
vhich is confirmed by the Teftimony of Peter Claudi : Defmpt^
'during the Pointer Seafon there is one continued Darknefs, Norwejc
fit were nop for the Moonlight, when they are abroad a c, 27.
Fijflnng^
L.3.C. 2
14 l^f'' Hijlory of U^hm.
nSI; ZiTeT^:'''''\t''^"^''''^'''''> abroad.
and ferene Air .^I^^m Jrf TndVbaK
much of the horrour of the Darknefs, and rendrns k fit for the difpatch of feveral BuanelTe . h,\^o^^^Jl augmented by the repercuffion of the Ligh Tn^he sTo^^ When they are dejlitute, fays OUu, Ma Jus onhcZu cf^e Moon the brightnefsof the Star^ toUe r^M^L
as ,s re^u^JJte for the dlffatciof their Bufine/s, Z fit Zl her Phf T% ^f^'"^ °^ Laplanders in ZZ L.4.C.9. S^^r-L^^fe The Air of is generally verv Dure
rt\c. ^vt:4"^s TJn/;^^^^' ^^^^i-^^ Chap. p. %/r^.;;;ten::itirL:;:
landers Uve rn a very fu^e and r^holfime Air, it iein^/L quently f urged by the Winds x,hich arife from amon/tL Mountains. However the Air of LapJd is veryThZet
i'^d'/l'' 'w- r^'""dden. byrfafonof the ffeqTnt and violent Winds. The Winds rage, fays Olaus inthoi ^r^hern Countries . ith great ViolLe. ^h " is a cei tain Wind, as I have been credibly informed, whkh com,ng from the Sea. carries along with it. and e^en in the m^ft of the Summer, fuch thick Fogs,' that they a e not ab e to fee one another ; i„ the Winter timeMis Wind drives fuch a prodigious quantity of Snow to the Continent, rh.^ if any one be catch't by fuch a Tempeft abroad in the Field, he has no other Remedy left h?m i but to lay flat upon the Ground, and to cover himfdf
thVbeftlift hr. ^= "^ke ^
ne« clf i T u Snow to the
ufmnft V f ■ -^"^ Winds rage with the
utmott Violence among the Mountains, efpecially thofe
v^ iich fepera-e the Laj^tand from ivL.7(being
carry fometmies Men and Beafts from the Tops dowa a great way the Prccepices. fo that they are never or heard of any more ; the only Remedy they haSe feft them in fuch an Extremity, being, to feek for Shelter in lhap. 12. fome of the ne« Dens or Cavef. The LaplaS « V..,. fay, Olaus P,tr,\ thai when 4 fudden St^tJ^t
the Hijiorj of Lapland. i ^
It' clouds come dumi to the tofs ofthofe Northern Alfs^ car^ ing along vpith them all they meet with ; the only way thej^ nke ufe of to fave themfelves is this^ that they endeavour p^ieiter themfelves with their Beafis in the Concavities of e Upcks. What the Lapfonians relate of the Cloads, u(i be underftood of the Winds, who force the Clouds ith incredible Violence. They have rainy Weather, merimes more fometimes lefs, like in other Countries, ith this difference only, that it feldom Rains here to- ards the midft of the Sumnrier. It feldom l{ains, faysL. I^C. ^aus Magnus^ as well in Lapland as in the circumjacent nintries during the Summer Seafon, But in the Winter Snows frequently, and fo much, that it lies very high )on the Ground, tho' not every Year alike, efpecially the Lapmark, of Vma , from whence they draw this Dnveniency, that the Snow adds both to the Light of e Night, and renders their Travelling more expediti- is, which^ they undertake in this Seafon for the conve- ?ncy of Hunting and Catching of Venifon, Wild-Fowl d Wild Reens, which makes the Laplanders to be al- ly s very well pleafed when they fee a great deal of ow fall. To this purpofe fpeaksO/^wx, when he fays, e Light of the Moon being augmented hy the whitenefs of L. 4, fSnow, fiands them in great Jiead, as to the avoiding 13. ecipices and ravenous Beafis. And in another Place, Ch« 9*^ iring the Winter Seafon the Country appears plain and nmodious for Travellings which they perform with great nveniency and Swiftnefs upon the beaten SnoWy where two ens are able to draw a greater Weight than ten Horfes a Waggon, The Snow lies always in fome Places, be- \ never diifolved on the Top of the high Mountains. I the Tops of the highefl Mountains, fays Peter Claudi^ ^
never fail to meet with Snow^ And Samuel Bjoeen fays ; the Highlands 0/ Lapland there are Mountains rijlng by rees, but to fuch a prodigious height, that they are al- ys covered with Snow, the Heat of the Sun being not mg enough to melt it in the Summer : But in the ler Parts of Lapland the Snow melts away every Year, ley have alfo very thick and ffeq^ent Fogs, as may be n out of Olaus Magnus ; In the Northern Countries, fays |^
they have fuch Fogs, as quite darken the Air^ fo that ivellers cannot fee one another upon the J^oad, It is ea- to be imagined that it muft be exceffive Cold here, I that to fuch a degree^ as would ba incolecaWe to.
uJIorj of Lapland.
who have been Born in.
10 ^he
any Body bur thofe, who have been Born in, and a( cuftomed to it from their Childhood. The fwifteli: R vers are all covered with Ice in the Winter, three or mor Cubits thick: Nay, thelargeft Lakes, and the Sea it fel are Frozen up fo as to bare any Weight whatever. Bi what feems not very probable, is, That the Heat of tb Summer is as Inrenfe as the CoJd in the Winter ; foj tho' the Rays of the Sun touch the Earth in oblique Lines and confequently are lefs powerful, nevertheJefs continu ing upon the Surface for feveral Months together, am being not temperated by the coolnefs of the Nights, the^ become exceffive, beyond what can be imagined, cfpe cially upon the Rocks, which is queftionlefs the Reafon that the Laplanders never go Bare-fpored during the Hea of the Summer Seafon. Johannes Tornaus fpeaks to thij purpofe. As foon as the Sun enters the Sign of Cancer the Heat^encreafes es$cejjively, the Reafon of which is, mth out all doubt, becaufe the Sun never fets all that time, fc tioat the Heat continues in the fame Degree botff*Daj ana Nighty The only Allays they have are the Vapouts arifirr from the Neighbouring Seas, and from the Snow which remains both Summer and Winter in the Concavities q! the Rocks and hollow Places betwixt the Mountains, which all that Seafon are extreamly fubjed to vjolenr (a) T/^^/^ Lightnings and Thunders, (a) Spring and Autum are dreprobd' Things unknown among the Laplanders, there being but bly pro-- very few Days diftance betwixt the Cold of the Winter duced by ^nd the Heat of the Summer Seafon, it appearing no lefs ?iLh7/nf ^ Miracle to thofe who are unacquainted with thofe
Sulpherom which a Week before were all covered with Snow. Bi m^raffds. ^"^ixt thefe Mountains, fays Samuel I(Ijeen, are tallies, a> boujiding in Grafs and Herbage, which fprout out in a fe.. Days time. But what Olaus Petri has obferved by his own Experience, deferves our particular Obfervation. In the Tear, 1616. on the 24 June, as I was travelling to the^ Parijh and Church of Tarma, J faw the Trees juft Budding, and the Herbage beginning to fpr ing forth in the Fields -y within fourteen Days after, the Trees were full of Leaves, and the Meadows overfpread with Flowers, 'Nature as it feems, being fenfible of the jhortnefs of the Summ^ here, bringing Things to perfeBion with fuch fpeed, as 4j pears incredible but to thofe who have feen it. The Soi is neither Fertile nor JBarren, but betwixt both, neVe;
The Hiftorj of Lapland. ij
helefs full of Flints, and fmall Rotks, which rendrlng
he Country rough and uaeven make it unfit for Tillage.
rhefe are Samuel l{he ens Words: Lapland ts a ftony
:duntry, full of Mountains, and fome Vallles. Johannes
"rornieus defcribes it thus ; Lapland is a Mountainous Couh-
ry, very uneven and rough, Befides that the Valleys are
^ery Marfliy, by reafon of the great quantity of Rivers
nd Lakes, fo that there is but little Ground fit for
nilage, fuppofing they would bellow Labour and Coft
0 enclofe it. Olaus Petri is of a contrary Opinion, efpe-
ially in reference to the Southern i?arts, I can, fays he, ..^
nak^ it appear, by the Situation of the Southern Parts of^^^V*
.apland, which is the fame with Bothnia, as lying under
he fame Climate, and enjoy i^jg the fame Benefit of the Air;
hat tho they dont Till m thofe Parts, the Country is as fit
0 produce all Sorts of Fruit, as the Weflem Bothnia.^ But
he Climate is not falScient alone, unlets the Soil be f6
00; he hfd forgot what he fays in another Place ; That
Lapland is Stony and impnjfihle in fome Places, in others
tothingJut Sand for feveral Leagues together, full of Thorns
ind BryarSy Lakes and Morajfes, which are but mean
^ualifiea^tions for Arable Grounds: Bw^, fays he, there
's ^ood Berhage in many Places ; But what is this to the
producing of Grain ? Ml Pafture Grounds being not fit
•or Tillage. For it mud be confelsM, that they have
?reat ftore of very good Grafs and Herbage, where-
mih they Feed and Fatten their Cattle ; for which Pur-
pofe they Sow alfo fome Turnip-Seed round about the
Hedges, which ferve for enclofares to keep their F(eem
in, but they feldom come to the bignefs of a good Apple.
Thus much is certain, that fome Grounds here bare
various Sorts of good Herbs, but above all Pot-Herbs.
There are many and large Forefts in Lapland, efpecially
towards the fide of Norway, bat they are not very thick,
as has been well obferved by S annuel Rljecn ; ThcfeForcfts
are not very thic\, fays he : And as to the Mountains
which divide Norway from Svpcden, Olaus Magnus has
thefe following Words : There are certain Mountains cal^ 4, ^
led Doffrini,. which divide Sweden from Norway, they are 13.
frodtgious high and fteef, without any Trees on the tops^ of
thent. Whfch is GOnfirmed by the Teftimony of Peter
Claudi, who attributes the Caufe of it t6 the Violence of
fht Winds : The Top of thofe high Mountains, fays he,
ire h,^on frc< f-oin Snow, and fuch is the Fury of the ^mds ^
The Hijiory of Lapland,
here, as mil notfuffer any Trees to grow upon them. How- ever betwixt thefe Mountains are fbmetimes very plea- fant Vallies, full of Springs and Rivulets ; Lapland, fays Olaus Petri ^ has an incrcdille quantity of Springs and i^l- vulets. And Johannes Tornccus j Here you fee ver^ fine and dear Springs in great Numbers. Thefe for the moll part are joined with fome Rivers, which afterwards exonerate themfelves into ihe GuIph of Bothnia, Thefe are Samuel Ifheens Words : Tou find every where Rivulets ^ which arc joined with larger fivers, Olaus Petri fays, J hat the Wa* ter of thefe Springs is very clear ^ good and who/feme • and that the Lakes are generally near or within the compafs of fome For cfl or other. Andrew Bur<eus, Speaking of L^p^ land, gives us this fliort Defcription of it ; Lapland the tnoft Northern of all the Northern Provinces, is of a vafl Extent, abounding in Forefts, Mountains, flanding Pools, hakes and fivers ; it has no Arable Grounds, but very good Paftur age in fome Places, This Country affords both in Winter and Summer feveral ferts of wild BeaftS, Birds in great Numbers ; Fifh in fuch prodigious Qpsantities, that mahy of the Inhabitants live on nothing elfe. Of the lefler kinds of wild Beads they have fuch ftore as is in- credible, not only for their own ufe, but a vaft overplus to furnifli their Neighbours withal. Of all which we fhall have cccafion to fay more hereafter. We will only add thus much here, That fince the Defer! ptions left U5 by the Antients of their Biarmia and Scritfinnia agrees fo nearly with that we have juft now faid oi Lapland, ferves as a confirmation of our Opinion, that thefe Countries do not differ in their Situation and Nature , but only in the Name. Thefe are the Words of Saxo concerning Biarmia : This Country is fubjecl to continual Frofls and Snows, except that for a [mall time they fartake of the violent Heat of the Summer j their I^oads are peflered with TVoods, it bares no Grain, but has great fore of wild Beafls, to be found in no other Country but this. Paul PParnefried fpeaks to the fame Purpofe of Scritfinnia : The Scrite- bini are not free from Snow, even in the Summer Seafon. About the Summer Solftice the Nights are as Light here as the Days for fome Time, fo that the Days are much longer with them, than in other Places, as on the contrary when they come near the Winter Sol flic e they fee no Sun , tho they have a fender Share of Light left, fa that the fherter their Days, the longer are their Ni?;hts, Arrd Procofim^
who
The Hijlorji of jj^^^A. ' 4^
who Jived before ,him. Jhe ^cricefinni lend ffavage Life • Lib « 1 the dont Soi^ 7ior Plough, nor do Me H^mefi aj)p!y ' the^ [elves to Pf^prkjpg ; hofb Sexs exerGifc Hmitwg , 'their Fo'^ rejh affor4ing an incredible number of wild and tame Beafts | tfj^fr ^iountains exceed both in High t and Bignefs thoje of mpfi ether Countries, All which comes very " near to whae yve iha.ve faid Lapland, ^But k is dnie' to co^^^^^^
CHAP. IV.
Of tjje Divifon of Laplar|(^^
^*^ HER,E are feteral Divifions of Lapland. S^ko; ^ who firft of all tnakes mendon of ic divides it into two Parts, when he fays ; Laj^piam utramqae, T befe are his Words, Ue allotted htm Helfingqn and both the ' L^ Lib, 5. pias ; and in the fame Senfe he fpcaf^s of ic in other Places. Johannes Mngfius k^ms to foUow his Foot fteps, j9e/2-r/^f^ when he fays j Towards the South both the Lappias are Squnt^ hined popther^ But what they mean by bodi thefe Lap- pias they have not thought fit to tell us/ I fuppofe they iSiade this Divifion in refped: of its Situanon to the Eafe and Weft. Certain it is that D ami an Goes^ who has taken his oiit of Johannes Magnus, does underhand it In JFIiJp0f6 thus, when He fays, Lapland is by the Sea Bothnia vidcd into the Eaft and PVefi Lapland. From .whence it IS evident that they made the Gulph of Bothnia ttie eom- rpon Border of both the Lappa s, fo that that part tit It which laid on one fide of the faid Gulph was to be called the Eaftern, that on the other the PVcftern LapUnd. Befides thisihey havfe^made anodier d ivi (Ion, taken _frord iht Nature of the feveral .Places .moft freqoe-nred by the Lnhabit^nts, part df which bordering ?:5pon"the Sea, part of it being an inland Co^ilrjtry ; .the ..Fi,rft is called Siafln- mm'ken^ the Lafl Field Firmarken^ which is' much as^ the Maritiine Lapland, and the Mediterranean Lapland^ TheFirft is freqoendy tenmed Fin dm ar ken as the other' is called L^/^i^^r^^;^, vt/irhour any farther Addido'n. This Di(Mn(ftion is particolarly taken notice of by Peter Claudt, ^hm kt fays 9 fh& Smmi inhabit all that fraH border- Cfisp/,^/
20 The Hifiory of Lapland.
ing ufon the Sea Shoar ^ io the North and Eafi, which is called Findmarck, being therefore called the Maritime Fin- landers, as the Lapfinlanders inhabit the Mountainous and Champaign Country, vphich from thence is called Lap- mark or Wildfinland; Which fignifies as much as the Savage Finland. Here he diftinguilhes betwixt Lapmarck^ and Findmarck, the Firft bordering upon the Sea-flioar, the other an Inland Country, Mountainous, Woody and Savage ; where notice ought to be taken that he calls the Lapmarck^ the Wild or Savage Finland, becaufe, as I fiip- pofe, its Inhabitants live by Hunting as the others do by FiOiing ; for not long after he has thcfe Word. : There are many Thoiifands of the Inhabitants , who live only on the Flefk of the wild Beafts. Which agrees with thcfe who are of Opinion that the true bred Natives of Lap- land feed chiefly on the Flefh of wild Beafts, efpecially Chap. 2. B^cns, Which has induced Samuel I^heen to fay ;
Bejides thofe Laplanders or Scriexiinni (by whom he under- ftands the fame that are called Siafinni by Peter Claudi) there are another Sort of true Laplanders, who feed on the I{esns. So tliat becaufe they live on the Fle(h of wild Beafts, v^^hich in thofe Northern Countries are called TVild, this has given the Origin to the Word Pl^ildfinland, > otherwife called Lap'and^ adjoining to Findmarck^i the
Inhabitants of which feed on Fifh and Carrel. There are however feme, who are of Opinion, That they have taken that Name from the Forefts, which being exprefs'd in Lati7i by the word S)lva, Olaus Magnus calls tiiem in fcveral Places HomI?2cs Sylveftres, or Savages. Thus the Title of the 3d Chapter of his 4th Book, which Treats of* the Laplanders, is de Sylveftriuyn hominum Feritatc, And in the following Cliapter he fays in plain Terms, Sylvefires vere Lappor^es , or. The wild Laplanders cloth themfelvcs with the precious Skjns of wild Beafts, Thus the Vefiripi. Baron Herbcrftcin makes a diftindion betwixt the TVild Mufco. Laplanders and FinltplandcrSy the lafi: of which, he fays, dwell near the Sea-fhoar, and confeqnently are the fame, otherwife called Siafinner^ or the maritime Finlanders, We arrived, fiys he, amongft the Finlaplanders living near (he Sca fooar in miferablc Cottagas^ who, tho they led a 'very Sav.ige Life, yet we^-e not fo Brutifh as the wild Lap- landers. It fcems his Opinion was, that they were cal- led wild LaplnjiJers, from their Savage way of Living, which makes.Jiim fpcak of them rhus in another FalTage:
21
-""■"''T^ Hijtory ^/Lapland.
the Converfation mth Strangers who come thither to Vrafficli mth them ^ ^ they have laid afide much of their ^ruitifhnefs, and begin to he more Civili:{ed. And that his is to be underltood from the Wild Laplanders^ is evident from tbefe following Words : rhen we came to t Place called Droat in the Country of the Dikiloppi or O^ild Laplanders, two hundred Leagues to the North of Dwina. That ihofe called Dikjloffi by the Mufcovites^ ire the fame with the Wild Laplanders , has been (hewri before. There is alfo a third Divifion, in refped of thofe evcral Princes they are fubjed to. Andrceas Bur^us "peaks of it thus, The greateji fart of Lapland, vi:{. the Southern and Inland Parts of the Country belongs alto- rether to the Crown of Sweden ; as the maritime Coun- try bordering upon the Sea does to Norwegen; it is called Finmarck, and its Inhabitants Seafinni, or the maritime Finlanders , becaufc they Feed only on Fifh, The refi are fubjeEl to the Mufcovite Empire, comprehending that part of the Country fituate betwixt the Caftle of Wardhoufe and the White-Sea. This is by the Swedes called Trennes, by the Laplanders Pyhlnienni, and by the Mufcovites Tar- chana Woloch. But concerning their Subjedion to fe- verai Princes, we (hall have occafion to fay more anon, in the Chapter of their Government, where we (hall fpeak of that part fubjed to Norwegen or Denmark,, as alfo of that under the Jurifdidion of the Mufcovites, our intention being at prefent to treat only of the fouthern and inland pzn oi Lapland, fubjedto the Swedes; which, by Peter^Claudi, is CcLlled Lapmarcli, properly fo called, and is afterwards fubdivided in Six faveral Parts or Di- ftrids, by the Natives called Mareker, and by Burius Terras, Territoria (3 PraifeBuras ; DKlrids, Territories or Provinces, each of them being diftinguifhed by rheir peculiar Names as follows : (i.) Angermanlands Lap* mark: (ij '^ma Lapmarck. {3.) Pitha Lapnark- C^-) Lulah Lapmarck- ( 5,) Torna Lapmarck, (6,) Kjemi Lap- marcky as we find them mentioned by Samuel I^heen, ^, But Burius fpeaks only of Five, leaving out the Anger- manlands Lapmarck^, which he comprehends within the Vma Lapmarck. ; not that they are one and the fame Di- ftrid, but becaafe they ufed both to be under the Jarif- didion of one Prefed: or Governour, and fo in that Senfe may be taken for one Diftrid. Each of thofe has bor- |:owed its Name ^QV!^ the feveral Rivers which pafs
Q 3 thro'
WW
22 The Htjlovj of Laplarid.
thro' thei^, aV is W(611 obferved by IVexovius, when hk Defcripu fays: ^he LztXini^YS under the Swcdifli J urif diction Sweden, divided into Five fiveral DiflriBs^ rihicfj have tal^en their • I.e. 2U Names from fo mJiny fivers, ^ As for their Situation, the ^ AjigermmUfid La^marcl^ borders upon Anj^errriahland ' Jemten, tflie ijtha Lapmnrck is next adjoining to this, the Pitha Ldpmdrct^ next to Vmd Lapmarcl^^, and the Luiaf?' La^fndrcl n^it to Pithi Lafmarck_, extending all to th^ W^flr, 6n 6n^ Side to thaf Rirfge of Mountains which divides Normj from Sweden, oh ttie other Side to the fVefi Bothnia. The Tornd Lapmarck,vnns out Nbffh- ward from the iitmbft point of the Gulph of Bothnia, all along to that Cape of the North Sek, called by the Mad- ders North Cape. Ne±r to this is Kimi^Lapmarck^, wind- ing aboiit frorn North to Eafl, betwixt the Eafl Bothnia, the Mufcoviie Lapland, and Cajania and Care/ia. fiut |>efides this, th'efe DiftricSis are again divided into lefer
farrs, which the Siipedes call S^ar, as is obferved hy Samuet fe^w, when he fays ; Thefe Lapmarckers, x^hich are caU kd Territories or Difiricls in Lapland, are again divided hi fe ver al other Farts, termed by them Byar. The #ord $yar fignifies amon'g the Laplanders the fame what Cckfar H\h Pd^i, for inflahce, when he fpeaks of the Pam jigurinm and Pagi Suevorum, by which he underftahds iiot a Town or VilhgQ, where feveral Families are jdiri- ^d within a fm^Il Compafs, but a large extent of Ground, the fame v^hich the Greeks uhderftood by their word' Vopuos, and Was, in hibft antient Times made ufe of in the Diviflon of Egypt, from whence the Name offopar^ chia, which by the antient Gloffaries is tranflated Pa'yiis, lo^^^kU, yj)^, voixo^. Such there are feveral in each of thefe Diilridls, except in the Angermanland Lapmarc\, which being no niore than one Canton, is commonly cal- led Aofahla. In the Vma Lapmarck Four of thefe Cantons, vi^. Vma, Lais or l^i^nhy, Granhy and Vapjieen. The Pitha lapmarcli comprehends Seven, Graotreskhy Arwejerfshy, Lochtehy, Arrieplo^sby, Wypicrfhy, Norrve^ flerhy and mflerby. The iJ//.:/) Lapmnrck Five ; Joach^ moch, hochjoch^ Torpiiyaud^ X^rl^Jlocht and \autornjaur. i he xorna Lnpmarr\ znd Kjemi Lapma^c^ have each of them eight Cantons; thofe of the Firil ^re called, Tih^ lai^cira, Siggevoara^ Londcxvara, I^jiicUby, Pctlcjerf Kan- f^^icryw Axoim-ara, remuthfcjochki. The N^nes of the ^^cpnd are ^ £n^ahu, Lanhcaobu^^ KjamV^a^ Koulajerf,
The Hifiory of tapland.
n
Kiedkajerf, ManJIalcka, Saodankyla, Kjthilah, making n all Thirty and three Cantons ; each of which are in- labitedby many Families (in the nature of rhe Clans in kotland) by the Smdes called I{akar, by the Lanns Foci. ^ach of thefe Families has certain Grounds allotted them br their ufe, not in the nature of our Farms, but extend- ng to a great Compafs, with Lakes, Rivers, Foreftsand )ther Conveniences belonging to them, but without any inclofures. {n) There are as many of thefe «f W Th^^^ ^ch Canton as there are Families, which ferves *emjbr are lome heir Maintenance, without being forced to ferve others ^^^^^ or want of Suftenance. In the Byar m Canton oiAofahla, ire about Twenty fuch ^ekars or Families, in others more Leagues )r lefs in proportion to their bignefs ^ each of them being com- :alled by peculiar Names, which would be fuperfluous pafs. ■0 infert here. And this is the third Divifion of Lafland, lot made of late Years (except that certain allotments were grantd to fome Families by K. Chnrles IX.) but of irery ancient ftanding in Lapland, which is evident from thence, that the Laf landers know of no other, neither lave they received this Cuftom from the Smdes, /ince :hey lived under their Jurisdidlion. Neither are the Words of a modern date, or deduce their Origin from fuch Things as might give us the leaft Sufpicion 3f Novelty, which I thought fit to take no- tice of, to fhew what an exacft Harmony there is betwixt the Antiquity and native Simplicity of this Kaiion.
C 4
C H A P.
54
The Hi!
Lapland.
Mufc*.
iftius pro- vimice me- diceris fia-
3L.3. c. 8,
Pompon,
CHAP. V.
Of the J ^emper of the Laplanders, dfid forne other Qualifications relating both to their Mmds andi Bodies.
"^HE LaplancJers inhabiting the Country commonly call'd Lapland^ have this, among all the other Nor- thern Nations, peculiar to themfelves, that they are of low Sratiire, according to the general Obfervations of ^hofe who have mentioned them in their Hiftories. Pan- ius Jovlus %s, The Laplanders arc of a very hw Stature, ^yfigler, The Laplanders are of a very moderate Si:{e ; and Damian Goes fpeaks to the fame pui pofe. l^he Northern Hiftorians agree in this Point with the Foreign Authors : ^ Thi's Nation, fays (a) Olnus Magnus, is commonly extream- ly Jhort of Stature ; and Olaus Petri, Mofi cf the Laplan- ders are hut of an i7idijfeYent Height, Which is agree- able to what we fee every day. Thus Lomeni us in his Voyage : This Nation is of a very low Stature, Nay, Ifaac Vofiius makes theni quite mifhapen, and not aboye three . Cubits high; thefe are his Words : The Laplanders, Sa- ' mryedes, and if any others live more northerly, are nil de^ formed, and^ have crool^ed Bodies, l^hey are, however, no Pigmies^ being commonly about three Cubits high, and fome^ times 7nore, Here he makes mention of the Pigmies, to fnew that the low Stature of thefe Nations had given oc- caflon to the Ancients to place their Pigmies in thofe Northern Countries. And to fpeak the Truth, what Vo- Jh'us mentions in another place ; That their jufl Stature ^/ Cubits, is agreeable to Experience, tho' fome- times they are met with fbmething fhortcr, others fome- what taller; which makes him (ay afterwards : J have ioweverfcenfome, who were four Cubits high, as co?nmonly ^ther Ayfcn are, Olaus Petri aficrts this by his own Expe- r'ence : Amciig three hundcred, wlmn I happe?2ed to fee to- gether at a tivnc, I obfirved fame that were as tall as Men <of my 'other Mntion ufed to ie. Bin thefe are but fcv^r for as Torj7.^^;s has obferved ; Tall Men are a rarity amon^ fhnm, Vcflius alledges, as a Reafon for their iownefs of ;:>5«sru,.-c , violence of the Cold; and that with a great
deaf
i
The Hifiory tf Lapland. 5^5
;al of probability : For confidering that the natural [eat is in a continual Conflid with the violent Cold, and forced to exert all its Adivity to combat that Enemy, id it is not fufficient to give due^Aid to the Excretion [id Alimentation, which renders their Bodies both lean nd Ihort : Tho* in my Opinion, their Food, vi^hich con- lins little fit for Nourifhment, may alfo contribute in a rea( meafure to it, as fhall be (hewn anon. But tho' it e true, that the Laplanders are of lovi; Stature, yet are ley not fo diftorted or crooked, as Vofiitis would make leni ; for if they were, how could they be fo adive, nd manage their Bufinefs with fo much Dexterity as ley do ? B«t what occafion is there for Arguments, when ^e fee daily great Numbers of Laplanders, who don't /ant their juft proportion of their Limbs ? Lo?nemus af- ribes to them a certain Deformity, which is not admit- ed by others, at leaft it ought not to be taken thus with- ut Limitation. Kicolaiis Lundius, a Native of the Pitha .apmark, alfures us, that the Inhabitants of the Vma Lap* lari, are not only much taller but alfo handfomer tha^i lofe of Lulah Lapmarl^; and that they fnrpafs them in eatnefs of their Bodies and Cloaths, and therefore have ach an Averfion to them , that they feldom converfe nth them, even at their great Fairs. Olaus Magnus i^^. lys, That the Females in thofe Parts are liandjome, their iJ. * 'omplexion being a mixture of vphite and red, AVhich.is onfirmed by the Teftimony of Tornctus ; and I mud ac- corpus hd- nowledge to have feen fome my felf, who were indiffer- [^Jt can- ntly handfome; it being natural to molt Women to pre- didum, srve their Beauty, which being negleded by the Men, mulkres bey appear more rough. Add to this, that they live un- fitis fum er a very cold Climate, which is fo exceiiive, that thty forrnofo!. ave neither convenient Cloths, or any other way to de- snd themfelves againft ir, except the Fire, the fmoak irhereof, confidering the lownefs of their Tents or Cor- 3ges, muft needs impair their natural Complexion, vhich is the reafon that the Men are generally Tawny, ^aiilusjovius {zys. The Laplanders are of low Stature, and ■ave fxparthy Faces : And Peter Claudi fpeaking of the jpfcrip^ .aplanders, fpeaks to the fame purpofe 5 Their Bodies are Horwe^. f n [war thy and dark Complexion. What wonder is it, ^ f thofe, who from their Infancy are expofcd to the rnoak, fhould be of a tawny Complexion ?'as J-oh. Lod^ Mus, Minifter of Tornay terms it. They are not only
26
7he Hiflorj of Lapland.
crebcrri me tamen
Lib. M. S. very fliort of Stature, but alfo extreamly lean ; fa de Lap, it is the grcatelt Rnrity that can be to meet with a eolor fjici- Man among them. Uns Nation, fays Peter Claudi^ is vl\ eivmusy ry Lean, andvoifhout Xloiflure ; becaufe the Cold, ' whid hinders their Growth, dries up likewife the moifture ol
Sulphum-^. ^^^^^ ^^^^ .^"^ ^^^y ^^^^ v^^y nimble and
adive, which Olnus Petri imputes, to their living without Salt, Thus much of the Frame of their Bodies in gene- ral. As to the Structure of their Bodies in particular, they have very thick Heads, and prominent Fore-heads, are hollow and blare Eyed, with fhortand flatNofes^ and wide Mouths; which makes Jovius fay they have flni Faces. Johannes tornaus defcribes them thus t They are flat Faced, with mcigre Cheeks and a long dhin. Their Heads thicl^, with a tawny Complexion and blear Eyes, Their Hair fhorc, fi reight and thin, and fo is their Beard, the Hair of which fcarce covers the Chin, The Colour of the Hair of both Sexs is Black, contrary to what the reft of the Northern Nations have, who are inclined to Fairnefs. The Hair of hoth Sexs, {ays Tornaus, is blacky and hard, and among nil the Laplanders that ever I faw, I met but with One who had yetlowijh Hair, (a) Concern- ing their Beards, Joi% Buraus in a M. S. called Somla^ has thefe Words ; The Beards of the Laplanders are both 'very thin and jhort. Their Brcafts are very broad, their the ^^^^^ indifferently flender, fpindle Shanks, but extream-
Lapm^k, ^1 nimble and fwift on Foot. They are very ftrong for in Limb'd, ss Jovius obferves, and Peter Clnudi tells us that Lap- thry exceed other Men iji Strength, as appears by their Bows^ -/'ixrck arc which n Norwegirm can fcarce bend above half But they many have no Icfs Adivity than Strength, the firft of which is moH: Confpicuoiis in iheir Swiming over their Lakes and Rivers, with an incredible Nimblenefs ; and they are fo skilful in Diving, th.-^tthey will continue for a confiderable rime under Water, and at once raife themfelves above it to a confiderable height. Of this Lundius gives us an Inftance in a CQn:!in\ Laplmdcr, czllcd Nicholas Johanni, who was ftili alive in his Time, and lived in the Valley of Sidt, This Fellow having left his Habitation, to change it for a better, came with his whole Family to the Banks of the River Stoortutaad, which being frozen over, he enr deavonrcd to pafs it upon the Ice ; but fcarce had they
Zurdius obferves, that^they have large and long Ears.
(a) This muft be under- ilood of
feacncd the ilica?3 his
middle of it, when the Ice breaking under Wii'c and another Woman were carried away
4
The Hijldry of Lapland. 27
r xht f#ifrnefi & rhe Current ; which the Laplander ) foonef ftvv, h^i he pMnged himfelf into the Water, vti'm afc^r thetti a' great \)vay under the Ice, and at laft •oiight them both fafe AfhOar, which fo furprifed fooie ' his Gotintry-men, that they were perfwaded he had atisforhfi:ed himfelf into a Fi(h. ^iegler affirms that the a|)Ianc}ef s ark fo aElive, that mth their Quivers and Ar^ oh their Sacks they V^ili throw therhfelves thro* a Hoop^ t ahove a Cubit ih Diameter, Tho' what he fays of their iping thro' a Hoop, niuft perhaps be underftood of eir Tamblets, this being otherwife a Sport, not knowti long thofe People ; but Foot-races climbing up inaccefli- e Rock:§, txid, the higheft Trees, thefe are their daily irercHes, Which makes Jov/^/ fay ; Ihe Laplanders e very niinhle Footed : And Scdliger^ We are xoell fatisfied at the Laplanders are very Strong and Swift, But as gorous and nimble as they are, they feldom or never alk upright, but floop continually, which is attributed their fitting on the Ground in their low Cottages. leir X>0hole Bbdy^ {zy$ Joh. To fnccus^ is bent forward, and ooked by their continual Sitting : And in another Place ; wy are ail crooked Backed, Now we have given you a efcription of their Bodies, we will come to the Qua- ications of the Mind ; in which this is moft particular- remarkable, th^t the Laplanders are SoperRitious be- >nd Belief. For, they dwelling for the moil parr in e Fdrefts among the wild Beafts, without any other onverfaridn, each Family living at a conGderable di- mce from the others, what wonder is it if they are ad- ded to SuperHition; but of this Point we (hall have cafion to treat more ac large hereafter. The next Thing orth our Obfervation is, That this Nation is very Ti- erousand Cowardly, beyond V5?hat can be imagined ; has been long ago obfervcd by Paulus Jovius^ when /j^r ,.,-^- fays; The Lzphnd^ts are fo fearful, as to fly at the^j^jjQ~y ry Sight of a Stranger^ or at the approach of a Ship to nr Shoar. Tho' this is excufed by Olaus Mngnus^ who x^^^. ys, That this does nor fo much proceed from, a naru- 2/ ' 1 Fearliilnefs, as becaufe they are apt to imagine, that ch ^Xri'^s^ or Foreigners as approach their Coafl:, come ere to Robb them, or to carry them off into Slavery, bich makes them fly at the fight of Strangers ; he con- Tes hov^ever, that they are great Cowards, and confe- Lcntly unfit for Sonldiery : For, fays he, if a Laplander
The Hijlory of Lapland.
fliould come within hearing of the difcharge of our grea Cannon, he would certainly dropdown half Dead ; anc in another Place he gives them this Characfter, That the are vet7 low of Stature and Fainthearted. Joh. Torn<€u fpeaks upon his own Experience, That the Laplandei had always a natural averficn to War 3 which is confirmee , by the Teftimony of Samuel B^oeen ; Mojh of the Laplan ' ders, fays he, arc unfit for warlike Service^ they being ve ry Fainthearted and Fearful without the leafl Courage or Vt gour, Lundius obferves that notwithftanding this, the] live and pafs alone whole Nights in the moft dreadfu Forefts, without the leaft appearance of Fear, and an not in the leaft terrified at thofe Vifions of Speders whici they fay, appear to them, on the Top of the highef Mountains. Which is the reafon, that the Swedes, wher they Travel thro' thefe Parrs, are always very careful no' ro (hew the leaft appearance of Fear to their Guides, foj if they fiiould, they would infult over them : The rea- fon why they are thus Fainthearted is, That the exceffive Cold and miferable Dyet renders their Blood deftitute oi a fufficient quantity of Spirits ; it being agreed on ^ by all Hands, that rhofe whofe Blood abounds with Spirits are always more Couragious : Which makes Bartholo- mew Coteles in his Phyfiognomy fay, That thofe who are of a cold Conftitution, are generally Fearful. And for this reafon it is, that the Swedes never make ufe of them in their Wars, whereas all the other Provinces of that Kini^dom are obliged to furnifh a certain Number of Soufdiers. Neither did Lafand ever fend any Souldiers to xhoi Swedes, as appears from the antient Mufter-rolls; fo that it mufc be look'd upon as a Fi(5i:ion,_ what fome have attempred to perfwade the World of late Years, rhar the famous Swedifh King Gujlave Adolph entertained a confiderable number of Laplanders in his Service ; this being only invented to impofc upon foreign Nations,^ as ifrhe great Anions perfonned by this Hero, were chiefly ro be attributed ro the Skill of the Laplanders in Magick, whereas it is evident, that his Enemies would have made iior the lead Confcience to call the Devil, or any Thing elfe ro rheir Aid, if they could have found their Account it. Wherefore this A^ferrion has not the leaft appea- rnncf* of Trinh, r^s i<i evident from the Mufter-Ro!ls of rha'- Tirre, in which both, the Names of the Regiments, ar.d oftheu' OScers who headed them, areexprefly mcn- ''■ ■ ticned
The Hl(lory of Lapland. ag
jned ; befides that, the Laf landers have not only a na-
iral Averfion to War, fuch is their natural Cofiftituti-
1 that they cannot live long from their native Country,
at foon languifli and die; it having been found by ex-
>rience, that our Climate, and Diet, but elpecially Sale
id Bread, are as Incompatible with the Conftitution of
Laplander, as their dry'd Filh and raw Flefh with ours.
*veral Experiments of this Kind have been made upon
me Laplanders, who being prevailed upon by great
•omifes to leave their native Soil, foon repented them-
[ves of their Cbang^, and were very defirous to return,
hich if they did^ot, they died foon after. Of this
laus Magnus has siven us a remarkable Inftance : Thele Lib. 17-
e his Words y/h is recorded, That Steno Sture junior, c. 27.
en I{egent (?/ Sweden, did fend fix Reens (01: Raindeer>
Frederick Duke of Holftein, mth tvco Keepers, Natives
Lapland, vi:{, a Man and a Woman ; hut both theft id the Beafis, becaufe they were transferred into a different 'imatef om their Native Country^ and ccnfequently want^ ■ their accuftomed vpay qf Living at their own Eafe and 'eafure, and their native Air, did not live long there. 'hat has been alledged concerning their natural Averfion
War, feems to be contradided by \iegler, who fays, ar this was a very powerful Nation, and for a confide- nsfript. ble Time maintained their Liberty againft the Nor^ Lap. ^ gians and Swedes ; who in this Point is followed by h.Scaliger (for he could have it no where elfe, there ing no other Hiftorian who has made the fame Ob- lation) when he fays ; We are ^i^R [atisfied, that th^ iplanders are very Brave when they encounter an Enemy, is true, Peter Claudi does likewife obferve, That thoie ations 'lived in former x\ges under their own Govern - ent, and that rhey were fo Potent, that Harald Pukhri- 7IUS , King of Norway, was not c-ble to fubdue them, 0 he extended his Conquers over ali the other Neigb-- curing Nations, at which Time the Laplanders had for eir iting one Mottle. But what he relates of this Mottle, d their bovernment, does not in the lead prove chem
have been a warlike Nation ; this whole Relation be- 5 taken out of the Hiftory of Snom, who indeed tells
many Thin2;s concerning their Skill in Magick, but snot one Word concerning their Bravery or warlike rri. p/'^S. clinations. It is very likely, that :^iegler fpoke in re- jrdh. ed to the Flrft, becaufe I don't fee iwin. whence he Ua^tu
so The Hijory of Lapla«d.
could oiherwife have wh^c he fays concerning their I berty, there beio^; no .^t^icr Hiftory octant /at Je^ft no. that IS more cer.taiD) than tjiat of Snpro j for " in bis Tin the Laplanders wevfi already under the WyZ/Wisdid on. Perhaps might take the Laplandm and Biarmia, for the fame People, and fo afcnbe to one what has bee related of the .other : Saxo meprions fe,ver,al W^ars of ti lharmians tho at ,the fame ^ime-be does not .(peak c them as a Couragious Nation ; b^t on the contrair, fay.j Llh t • f , dmfing rather to m^{e ufc of their Ma
1.10. I. gjcl(_ than IVeapns, did by certa,in Enchantmentf raite rm den Storms and Jcmpcfls ; fo, that frotn' thence there i not the leaft Inference to he macje, that tho' they main tarn d for a confiderable tiipe their Liberty, they wer a warhke Nation, And, whptever has been faid upo, this 5core of the Biarmians, certain it is, by daily Expe nence. That Fighting is contrary to the Nature of a Lap lander. Befidcs that they are .Cowards, they are ver^ apt to be fufpicious of every Thing ; For, being con Icious of their own Weaknefs, and confequently Fearful It IS impo/Tibk but that they ftould miftruft every Thine Defmpt. which reafon it is that Wekpnius fays ; The Laplander. Swe. Lib. f ^ ^f^"''"' "''"^ Mifirtiftful : And Paulus fovius be- 4. c. 6. tore him fpeaksto the fame Purpofe, when he gives thif Charader of them, vi^. That they are a Nation, Barba. rousana Mzftru(iful, beyond what can be imagined. A na- tural Confequence of their Jealoufie is, That they are prone to do all iorts of Mifchief by clandeftine Means. . by wnicn they endeavour to avoid thofe Dangers which they fear rrom others, with their Ruin and Deftrudion. From whence it is, that they ftrive to hurt one another by their Magick, even upon very flight Occafions. Pe- ter Claud, fpeaKs to this Purpofe j It is very frequent amom teem to be at variance mth one aether, when they are fun to do ■^■^^fia-et Mifchief they can. Of this he gives us a remarkable Inftance in a certain Laplander, who havine attempted feveral times, but in vain, to ferve his Adver- fary nn ill 1 urn becaufe he had by his Skill in Alagick •frufiratcd all his Endeavours ; at laft finding him a Sleep ne.ir a great Stone, found means to break it in Pieces by an tnchanrment, and Killcl iiim with it. Sa>nuel pjjn telisus lhat many of them are very prone to coiiimit fecret Murthers. And ?nor Claudi feems to fpeak to the fame Purpofe, when he fays of the Laplanders, That the}
4rf
The Hiftory of Lapland.
rt [oon overcome by Pajfwn, and as unruly as the wild Bears : which he does not underftand as if they were Cou- agious, but very Bloody when provoked. This laft h K>Lt ohfervable in their old Women, as 7orficeus tells us, /ho if put into a Paffion (which they foon are) adt n6 therwife than if they were Mad , without the Jeaft re- Dcd: CO any Body : Thefe are im Words ; Concerning he iVomen in Lapland^ it is to be ohferved. That mofi of hetn^ effect ally if they are advaficed in ^ge, are fubjeEl to lofi violent Pafftons ; for, if anf Body happen hut to fpeal^ trfhly to thetn, point at them with a Finger ^ ridicule them ith Words or Gefiures; or if you poould chance only to uch them unawares^ or a Sfar^ of Fire foould fall upm mr Hands f they are fei:(ed with fuch a furious Madnefsy rat they will fall foul upon him who is the occafion of it^ *ar his Hair and Face, and heat him with what comes next I tl)eir Hands, ^ay^ they dmt ficky in the Prefence of wfe to whom they owe mo ft J^ffecl, to expcfe what Nature^ '4ches them to l^eep undifcovered ; fo that during their Fu-^ ^ they are altogether Hk^ mdd People. Ltmdtus makes the- me Obfervation of their Men, w4ien Drunk ; who, yslie, are not to be appeafed neither by any means to I perfwadcd from doing Mifchief, till the Vapours of :e ftrong Liqnor be Evaporated. It is I ike wife obferved : the Laplanders, That they are very indudrious in heating one another, by any clandelline means, a Vice itural to mean Spirits ; for, as Ariflocles has obferved ng ago , Cheating and Underhand-dealing are Qoalifi- tions not belonging to a great Sord. Joh, Tornmis fays, hat they will oftentimes impofe upon others, by diffem- ing the Truth. And in another Place he calls thetn very cunning Nation in 'Eargahiing and Overreaching one other, Samuel J^oeen fays, that the Laplanders are ve-
Cun^fiing and Deceidiil in their Dealings. And I am •t,to believe that D^w/^;?2/j fpoke in the fame rcfpedv ben. he fays ; That they are very Expert and Cunning
exchanging their Commodities. There feems to be ne reafon to believe, that they were more hsnellly in- ned in former Ages, if vi'e may give credit to whar. lulus Jovius has left us concerning them, vi:{. That with 'angers^ or thofc that are ahfent they deal with great Sin- ity ; which is confirmed by Olaus Magnus : Thefe are : Words : The Laplanders are a very frdn\ Nation^ v^ho's l y. Aim is to avoid Poverty. They are Ignorant in the
?^ '^^^ Wory of l^z^ghni
Craft of Trnding, nor ever trouble themfehes to he inftruH<
MtH It And in another Place : They Deal Jlncerely by w cf Exchange. Perhaps rhey firit Jearn't to Cheat froi Strangers it being natural to a fearful Spirit, to ende. vour to be befoje-hand with others, in what they fer from them. As they are very quick and over-reachinr fo rhey are overjoyed whenever they have had good Siu cefs in It; an Obfervation made upon them by Samm m^een, who fays, That they are fure to Laugh at thofc whom they have Outwitted. For knowing themfeJves in feriour in moil refpeds to other Nations, they are infinite ly pleafed to find themfeives in a Capacity to over-reaci them. They are great Tatlers, fo that fcarce Two o Three meet, oat they Backbire one another, asthebefor mentioned Samuel I^heen obfervcs; but efpecially they ar very apt to Ccnfore and Detrad from other Nations, th Vvrretched Laplanders themfeJves having vanity enough t( imagine that rhey have cercain Qualifications belongini tot^em, beyond what are to be found in ocher Nation^ Lundtas fays, Thar it is a common Cuftom among then to arraign the Wifdom of Foreign Nations, and to ridi- cule ihem m Converiation, fo chat there is fcarce a Sx^edt who comes among rhem, but they give him fome nick Name or other. Beildes this, they are very avaricious, beyond au mealure, which however rnay in part be at- tributed to their fear o\ ivant , in a Country where there IS no grear plenty of Things for Subfiftence. Joh. Tcr^ futus fays thar ih-y are naturally inclin'd to Covetoufnefi, beyond whrt can be CK'prefs'd. Lazinefs is a common Vice among th nrj, the reafon of which may be, that ^xnvs^^^ gn-d Nouri(])iiient, iheir Bodies arc not difpcfca to endure hnrd I aboiir. QUim Petri fays, that they are lo Lazy and Idle, that tho' there are many fpacio^js Places in L^pUnd, which might be Cultivated, they leave C*hap. 19. Unnlled. Thefc are his Words ; Th?ir La-y Tem- per Will vot give thrm leave to apply themfeives either tn Tilling or breeding of Cattle. They leave the Soil in fofnt Places Fercik enough, Vncultivatcd for meer Idlenefs, TJm they p t/s their Lives^ chocfing rather to overcome the de- fcEI nf co72Vcnle?i/r Suflenance by Patience than hard Labour. Neither do 7 love to beflow rivjch Pain^ in Dre/Ting rhe;r Viduais, or ever go a Hunting or Fifiiittg unlefs compelled thereunto by neceffity. Lundius fays, Thai r.Be Laplanders inh?<bii-lng the Mountains ar$ more a '
I
the Hiftory of Lapland. ^
lided to Idlenefs, than thofe who dwell in the Woods % f forced by extream want to go a Fifhing in the Summer rime, they get every Thing ready the Night before : Af-^ er this return from Fiihing the next Morning, rhey boil he largeft Fifh in a Kettel, the leffer they hang on feme frees to dry in the Air, thofe being referved for another rime, when they Feaft their Friends : No fooner have bey made an end of their Dinner, but they go ro Sleep 11 Night, when they take care to mend their Nets, if ley be out of Order. It is very probable that this izy Temper is the Mother of another Vice in vogue tnong them, which is. That they ufe their Parents, when dvanced in Years, or difabled by Sicknefs,N very Scur- ily, ro that degree, as not only to contemn and negled", ut alfo to hate them ; partly, becaufe they think it long 3 expecfl what they wifli to be in poiTeilion of , partly ecaufe they look upon it as a Hardiliip to prsvlde for lofe who are no longer able to do them good. This I 5eak upon the Credit of feveral Perfons, who have been Dnverfant among them ; tho' it is contradided by Jck orrideus, thefe are his "Words : They fay to their Barents H due Honour and Obedience^ fo that if they arefuferannu- ■ed, their Children never negleB to taf{c care of them^ and 'ovide for them to their dying Day, 'Tis poflible that the af landers of Torna may do fo, but this nluft be arcri-=i ^d to their more generous Education, rather than their itural Inclination, the contrary having been obferved 1 many, as well by others as by my felf. Laft of all, La- ivioufnefs is a Vice much in Vogue among the Laijlan- 'rs, according to Samuel Rheen, who fays. That befides :her Vices, they are addided much to Lafcivioiifnefso '^excvim indeed feems to differ from him in this Point jy^f hen he fays, That the Laplanders ahommate and funifh Swe. dultery and Fornication. But, foppofing this to be true, relation ro Adultery (as Hiall be fliewn hereafter) bur is does not countefballance in the whole the Credit, of e beforetr.enrioned Author, who hss lived for a con- lerable time, arid ftili lives among theiii i efptcially, ice we fnd him back'd by the Aurhorliy of Hcrbcrflcfn: Bif ho tells us, Than ihd* iuq Laplanders are defiirure of ^"-■■'"'^ Tsd, Salt, and any other Provocatives; they are ne-^^ ^^'^^ Tthelefsvery prone to Lull. BeOdcs that ii is ngrecd I all Hands, that they are very deiirous cf procreating bildfeo (of which more will be faid hereafter). Men
T/V ^ , Lapland.
and Women, without the leaft difference of Age or Sex live and I>'e promifcuoufly in one and the fame Hutt, which mutt needs furnifh them with frequenr Opportuni- ties of this kind. There are not wanting Inftances of feveral Laplanders, who being fent into our Parts to im- prove themfelvesin Learning, made not the leaft Account of Chaftity, which they look*t upon as of no great cour fequence ; tho' at the fame time it is not improbable, but that there may be fome remarkable difference among the Laplanders, according to the difference of the Climate and Education. For, Job. Tomans fays, That among th? Inhabitants of Torna it is very rare to hear of Fornica- tion, or illegal Cohabitation , fo that for feveral Years together, there was fcarce one Baflard Baptized there. But perhaps the reafon of this may be, that few Baftards are begot by the Laplanders, who are naturally of a very cold Conftitution. Of this Opinion is LundiWy who fays, That clandeftine Cohabitations are very frequent among them, and efpecially among the Men and Maid Servants, without the leaft danger of being got with Child, they being naturally of a Barren Conftitution. Lundim obferves Two other ill Qualities in the Laplanders^ The Firft- is that both Men and Women are fuch Lovers of ftrong Waters, by which they hope to drive out the Cold, that they frequently get Drunk with it, when they are fore to Quarrel, and often cut one anothers Faces, with Knives, which he fays is often done in the Lapmarl^ of Lulah, The Second is, That they are extreamly ad- dicted to Curling and Swearing, and making moft dread- ful Imprecations. He who is to make an Oath does firip himfelf quite naked as low as the Wafte, keeping only his Breeches, Stockings and Shooes on ; and thus he devotes himfelf, his Wife, Children and Reens to the Devil. They take it for granted, that if he be Innocent, no harm befals him ; but if otherwife, fome great Mif- fortune will happen to him ; if they be both Innocent, rhey efcape both without any harm. He further adds, That their melancholick Conftitution renders them very fabjec5l to frighrful Apparitions and Dreams, which they look open as infallible Prefages made to them by their Ccnin^, of what is to befal them. Thus they are fre- quently feen lying upon the Ground a Sleep, fome Singing wirh a full Voice, others Howling and making a hideous Noife, net unlike Woives.
The Hijlory of Lapland. j
And thus much of their Vices, we muft alfo fay fomc- thing of what is commendable in them. Their Firft good Quality is. That they are ftrid obfervers of the Conjugal T ye, as I told you before , We xavius wq\1 obferves, who, aslfuppofe, had it oxxt Bur^us : Thefe are his Words ; Adultery is rarely obferved among the Laplanders. This is confirmed by the TeiLimony of Olaus Petri ; In all outvoard affearance, f§ys he, they l^eep the Conjugal Tye very Sacred and Chnfte. To the fame Purpofe fpeaks Tomaus, when he fays. That they keep Matrimony as Sacred as other Chriftians. Damian a Goes adds, That they are not only very true to, but alfo very Jealous of one another. The next Thing to be commen- ded in them, is, That Thefts are never to be heard of among the Laplanders^ every one enjoying his own in quiet, without the leaft danger of being robbed. Steal' ingy fays Buraus, is a Thing rarely or never heard of there, Wexovius fays, They know not what Stealing is ; And Tornms, They abhor the very Thought of Thieving. L.^, And Olaus Magnus fays^ That they look upon Robbing as the higheft Crime. From whence it is, as Bureaus obferves, that not only the Laplanders themfelves, bur like- ivife the Foreign Merchants Trading in thofe Parts, [eave their Goods unguarded in the open Air, being only :overed to defend them againft the Snow and Tempefts, md thus they travel at a great diftance from thence to buy jp more Commodities for Tranfporration, without the !eaft danger of lofingthem. And indeed it was abrolate- [y neceffary it foould be (b in a Country where they live without any Villages, Enclofares or fixed Habitations. They have another good Quality belonging to them, to 3e very Charitable to the Poor, whotB they frequently Drovide with Lodgings and Siiftenance for a confiderable :ime together. They freely, fays "Joh. Tornccus , receive md entertain poor People in their Huts , fometimes for a vhole, fometimes for half a Tear, frequently for three Months together, and aftervpards conduEl them with their own F{eens to another Place. They are very ready to afUfl the Poor with their own Raindeer, either by lending them or elfe by giving one of them. To this Purpofe fpeaks Samt^ci Cbap. I^heen : Many of them are very charitable and coropalli- 3nate towards the Poor; if a poor Laplander, who has no Reens of his own, comes to one of his wealthy Conn- [tymen, to defire him to lend Two, Thiee, Ten, nay C 2, Twenry
3 6 The Hi [lory of Lapland.
Twenty of his Raindeer for a Summer, either to make ufe of their Milk, or any other Employment, he will feldom deny him. They are alfo very Obliging and Hofpi table ro Strangers, whom they receive with great Kindnefs, and entertain them with what their Huts afford, being ready to do them all the good Offices they are ca- pable of. To Strangers and Travellers^ fays Torriieus, they are ve>y obliging and kjnd-^ and in another Place he fpeaks thus : They are very Civil to Strangers^ very freely offering them what they have of Viciuals or any other Thing ufed among them. Of this frequent Inftances are given by thole who have publiflied their Voyages into the northern Parts; who aiTure us that the Laplanders ufed to be ve- ry kind to fuch Strangers, as either by Tempeft, Ship- wracks, or any other finifter Accident were forced upon Exert. 2. ^^^^^^ Coaft. This perhaps moved Scaliger to fay, That i^. it was very well known that the Laplanders never did
any hurt to Strangers. Thus far in Recommendation of the Laplanders; for the reft, this Nation is very Unpo- liHi'd and fomething Barbarous, if compared with the ether northern Nations : Which makes Paulus J oviu s czW them a Nation wild beyond what can be conceived. And Lib. 4. Wcxovius, That they are very much Vncivilis^ed, They jTPif,c.6. are however naturally great Lovers of Cleannefs, which makes them wafh their Hands and Faces with Water of- ten every Dr^y, if we may believe Samuel I^heen ; thefe Chap. 14. are his Words : Notvpithfianding they dvoell in Huts^ which ar^fcarce ever free from Smoak^, they keep themf elves very Clean^ by w^ifioirjg their Hands and Faces every Day. This is contradicled by Joh. Tornaus, who fays. That they are generally full of Itch, becaufe they feldom w^afli them- felvcs, and k^rca^. ever Comb their Heads. But this muft be taken in refpcd only of the Laplanders of Toma, for the reft nre not lb. Neither do they want Ingenuity, as may be evident from thence, that they make all their Tools and HouOioId Vellels themfelves. They make their own Cloths and Shooes, Wooden VefTels and Inftru- menrs as well as every Thing elfe belonging either to Hunting, Fowling or Filhing ; fome of which are very artifivjially done, as we (hall have cccafion to (hew more at large hereafter. They don'r only make feveral Things ibr their own ufe, but alfo for Exportation. Vcjfels^ Bar- rels, fays ZJcghcrus, and all other domcftick^ ^^ff^ls, they 7nal<:ei^py ArtijiciaJly^ which are (Exported into the neigh- "^••^ bowing
The Hifiory of Lapland.
houring Countries, Johannes Torn^us attributes to them likewife a good Memory, and feme fliare of Judgment : They are apty fays he, po remember a great v^hile^ and havt 4 quick Judgment. And in another Place ; They have a ve- ry good Judgment, and firong Memory. Lundim alTures us, That they are very inclinable to learn Sciences, but not Latin 5 but that they have a Genius for'sing- ing, and generally a clear and tunable Voice. So much )fthe Qualifications of xh^ Laplanders in general; but as here is a remarkable difference among them, both in re- pecft of their natural Inclinations and Manners, fo the ame will be much better underftood, when we (hall peak of them more in particular, and efpecially of their ManufacSburies and other Matters thereunto belonging.
C H A P. VL Of the Origine of the Laplanders,
FT is a very difficult Task to trace the true Original of the Laplanders, and how they poffefs'd therafelves of hat Trad of Ground, they now inhabit , there being 10 Hiftory, that I kngw of, now extant, that gives any atisfadory Account of it. It is certain they don't de- luce their Origine from the Sx^edes, there being no great- r difference betwixt any Thing upon Earth, than there s betwixt a 5 and Laplander, in their outward ap^ )earance5 natural Conftiturion of Body and Mind, Lan- guage or Habit, or whatever elfe may fiiew the mod re- narkable difference that can be fuppofed of this kind ; vhich is apparent to every Body's Eye at firft Sighx„ Neither do they owe their Offspring to the ^iiffiayis or \4ufcovites, becaufe they differ as much from them as rom the Swedes, MoO: of the T(ujjlans are Tall, the Lap^ anders Short of Stature. The I{ujp.ans are Fat and Grofs, he Laplanders Lean and Slender. ' The Firft have long .nd thick Hair, with- large Beards, tse Lad Short and rhin. The Ruffians are commonly of a ruddf Comple- tion, the Laplanders are Swarthy. Neither is there he leaft rcfemblance bet wixt the R^^fjtan and Lapponian O 3 Tongues^
3^ The Hifiorj of Lapland.
Defcript. Tongues. Johannes Tormtus is of the fame Opinion with us ; thefe are his Words: They cannot owe their Origins to the Ruffians, for the Mufcovites live in Houfes, Culti^ vate the Grcund, and apply themfelues to Breeding of Cattet, all which the Laplanders neither know nor care for ; nei- ther is there the leaJi congriiity betwixt thefe two Languages. Bef?des this, they have ISlorway on one, and Finland on the ether fide. They cannot be defcended from the Nor- -wegians^ there being the fame difference betwixt the ATor- •wegians and them, as there is betwixt the Swedes, thefe two Nations acknowledging the fame Origine. They mud: then be defcended from the Finlanders, according to \ Defcript. Opinion of Wexoviiis ; The Laplanders, fays he, are Sv.^c. L. the offspring of the Finlanders. And in another Place has III. c. i-^, ^^^^^^ Words: The Laplanders feem to owe their Offspring 'l. 3. ch. to Finland, where there is to this Day a certain Dijiri^ 27. f^/W Lappio. Wh^iWexovim would infer here from
the Diihid called Lappio, as if the Laplanders had from thence got their Name, is a bare Surmde, founded upon very flender Reafons, as has been Ihew^i before. But what he fays in general of their be ng defcended from the Finlanders, is more than probable, and confirmed by the Authority of feveral oiher learned Men, among whom Lib. de is Comings who is of Opinion, That the Laplanders did antiq.ftat. come cut of Afia into the northern Parts of Europe, and Helmftad. that they were of the fame Rsce with the Finlanders and Snmojedes, which may be proved by feveral Reafons : Firft, Both Nations retain to this Time the fame Name, For Sabmi or Same figiiihes as much as a Laplander in their Tongue, as has been told before ; and Wexovius fays, 'I>efcrjpu That in the Finlayid Tongue Suomi implies as much as a Swe. jF'^'-^?/W^'r, both which only differ in the Dialed. Be/ideS L. II. C. tint they have a moft aiuient Tradition among them, that 9' one Jumi was the F(;under of both thofe Nations, con-
cerning which :tch> Tornaus (ays. There is an antient Tra- dition amo?7g the Laplanders, tranjmitted from one A^^ to another, that their jlrfl Fcunder was Tumi. And thus he fpeaks of the Finlanders : The Finlanders did in former A^es acl^ncw ledge one Jiimi for their Fcmde:\ v/ho, is pro- Kibie, was not the Founder of two Nations. Their Languages ftrengthen this Opinion; which, tho* they be not altogether the fame, yei: retain to this Day a great; ^^'^iSk ^"^^^^ proved at large in a paniciilar Chap- l tcr, ^l^h trends of the Lnppodan Tongue. Tis with- '\
The Hifiory of Lapland. )Ut all queftion, thac there is a near refemblance in ma- ,V Words : Thus Jumala fignifies among the Fmlamkrs, ■lod ' jubmal iht fame among the Laplanders, lull among he inlanders Fire, among the Laplanders Tolle. Pfuori imonc the Firft a Mountain, among the Laft iVarray and hus in moft other Words. Their Bodies and Habits ire likewife very near the fame. The Fmlanders have veil fet Limbs, and fo have the Laplanders; both have ilack Hair, broad Faces, and ftern Countenances^ and vhat fmall difference there is obferved betwixt them, nuft be afcribed to their different Diet and <;limate, n which they live : Neither is there any confiderable lifference in their Cloths. To Evince which I have gi- iren you here the Draught of an Ancient Finiander, taken
from
Lib. 60
lib.
16.
^ The Hiftory cf Lapland.
from a Pidure, as it is now to be feen in the Church oi Btorekyr in the Eaflern Bothnia, where the Slaughter of a certain Bilhop, called Henry by the Finianders, is ex prefs'd to the Life. Whoever will take the Pains to com- pare the Hab:c of this Finlander, with thofe of the Lap. landers, as defcribcd by us in the 17 Chapter, will fcarce find the leaft difference. Laftly, Their whole Difpofici- on and Temper feem to agree. A Finlander is always given to Lazinefs in his Native Country ; The Finlanders, , C. fays H^exovius, are notfo Idle Abroad, as they are at Home. A Laplander never cares for Working, unlefs compelled by an abfolute Neceffity. The Finlanders are addided to SuperRiticn and Sorcery ; nothing is more frequent among the Laplanders : Olaus Magnus fays of them buth thus ; The Northern Traa of Finland and Lapland, were tn former Ages, when yet Pagans, fo wdl skilled in Magic^ as if they had been inftruBed in this diabolical Art, by Zoroaiter the Perfian limfelf Add to this that whatever Tacitus has left us concerning the ancient Finlanders, holds true to this Day cf the Laplanders ; They ufe neither Wea- fons, fays he, neither Horfes; HoufeholdXloods they have none ; Herbs are their Food, and the Skjns ofBeafls ferve them^ for Cloths, and the bare Ground infiead of a Bed : Their chief Trufi is in their Arrows, which they pint with Bones for want of Iron, 'Both Men and Women live by Hunting, the Laft foUcwing.^ their Husbands wherever they goy claim a [hare of what they get. They have no other SheL ter againft the violence of Temfefls, and the rage of wild ^eafls, than fome fmall Hutts put tcgetbe' of Hurdles, thefe leing the only I{efiige both for Ycung and Old. If we look upon the Defcription of the Finlanders. given by Saxo, you wouW imagine that he intended to give you an exadi Draught of the modern Laplanders, Thefe are his Words : The Finlanders, the mojl northern Nation of all, live in a Climate ai:no[t inhabitable. They are very good Archers, ■ihere beip.g fcarce a Knticn under the Sun more dextrous ithan they at 722.inugi^ig their Arrows, which are broad and Urge. They a-e addicicd to Magick^, great Hunters, and have ?2o fixed I-Lirl ^.it/o?;s, but where/cever they happen to hlla wild Be,.Jr^^ ^hcrc is their Manfion for fome time ; ■ihry Shde crojs the M.omitains , when covered with Snow, •in broad wooden Shoocs, From whence ic is evidenr. That :ni/ce the ancient Finlanders came fo near to the modern lavlmders, in every rcfber^, diey i^re oueftionlefs dr-
i
The Hiflory ^^f Lapland „
snded from the fame Stock. Befides all this, the Lap^ nders are by the Danes and Norwegians called FinUn^ rs to this Day. Thus Peter Claudi in his Defcriptiots ' Norway y has given his 28 Chapter, which treats of the iplanders under the Danifh Jurisdidion, this following itie, Om Finnerne, that is to lay, Of the Finlanders, Foe hich reafon he divides tbefe Finlanders into Siofinnar^ at is, the Maritime Finlmder , and into Lafpefinner^ e Lapfinlanders. In rhe preceding Chapter, fpeak- ^ of befe Lapfinl.mders, he fays ; The Lapfinlanders habit the Mountains (which divide Sweden from Nor-- y ) from whence that part of the Country is called Lap- irck. For the Lapfinlanders are the fame with the Lap^ iders, having queftionlefs got rheir Name, as being fcended from the Laplanders. This may alfo be col- fled from rhe {{uftans, not only calling the Laplander $ ppi or Ditti L ppi, which is as much as fVi Id Laplanders^ X. Kjjienni Mo, and their Country, I^ajenfehaja Simla ^ - which I can fee no other reafon, but that they take ^m for the fame wirh the Cajetani ; but Cajetania is a ov nee in Greai^ Finland, Thus PPbxovius defcribes nland. This great Dutchy comprehends in its compafs fe^ Defcrlpt^ ■al lejfer Principalities : Finland, properly fi called.. Ta- Swe. L. t.^ ftia, both the Carelia's, and the Earldom of O/j/mi^. hich (hews that the F^ujfians fuppofe the Laplanders to duce their Original from Finland, Some may perhaps jed that the Finlanders being a warlike Nation, where- the Laplanders are Cowards, they cannot be of the ne Offspring i efpecially confidenng that the Lail: sre aerally Meager and Lean, the Firit Fat and well Sec. it this i$ not fufficient to deftroy our AiTerciori. For begin with the Laft, we know, that the difference of ; Habit of the Body depends in a great meafare on our et, and that the Finlanders are well provided wi h ma- Things fit for Nourifhment, whereas the Laplanders ve nothing like it, fo that this Argument can find no ace here, no more than what is alledged concerning rhe nlanders warlike Temper, it being beyond all queliion, It the Cafe was quite different with them in ancient mes, when they firft fent their Colonies into Lapland, lich makes Tacitus call them a Nation without Arms or rfes, fo far were they in thofe Times from being Va« nt or Warlike. Nay even to this Day their natural :!inations don't tend to warlike ExploitSj it being cer-
The Hiftory of Lapland.
tain, by daily experience, that when they are to be Prefs to ferve in the Wars they hide themfelves, and avo this Employment, as much as pofTibly they can. Then fore what Reputation the Finlanders have got of lai Years of being good Souldiers, muft not be fo much a iributed to their warlike Genius, as to the Care of the Officers , who by degrees train them up to the ufe ( Arms and military Difciph'ne ; they being for the re not to claim any confiderable Preference in this Poii before the Laplanders. But what need we to infift fai ther upon the Proof of this Opinion, when the Laplai ders themfelves, who in this Cafe ought to be credite before all others, deduces their Origine from the FlnUf ders ; this being a conftant received Opinion among the! to this Day, which by a long Tradition has been tran mitted to them by their Anceftors , and they ftill kee a Lift ofthe Names of their Chieftains, who Jed ther into Lapland. Thus we find Olaus Niurenius fpeakin to this purpofe : The Laplanders themfelves deduce thei Origine from one Miefchogiefche, VVhen I asl(d the) further^ JVho he "^as^ and from whence he came ? They gai me for Anfvoer, That, as far as they had learn d by Trf dition, he had hh Offspring in Finland, from whence I had brought their Anceftors into this Country, One Andre Anderfon, an Inhabitant of Pitha in Lapland, and mad afterwards Stev^/ard of the Lapland Shoar, confirms th fame by his Teftimony, and fays, That by long and frf qnent Convcrfation among them, he had found, thi' they acknowledged one Thins Ksgreh for their Leadc; who in former Ages had brought them into Laplam ^achary PIa72tin, in the Preface to a certain Manufcri| we have mentioned before, has thefe Words ; Some the mcfi undcrflayiding among them being asJ(^d conce ing thsir Origrae , did ac know I edge they were come i>f Finland, under the Cojtduci of one Thins Kogrch.
Tho* it feems to me, that what has been allcdged con! corning thefe Migrations under the two before namec Chieftains, m'^ft be underdood of thofc made in the latj £er Ages; it being not very probable that the Names ol the moft ancient Leaders, (hould be regained among th^ Laplanders to this day. For, it mufl be fuppofed tha they lived before Saxo, becaufe he makes mention of thi Laplanders ; but Saxo having lived near 50c Years age and the Finlmders themfelves being quite ignorant as r-
The Hijiory of Lapland.
at pafs*d among them ifo many Ages ago, how can the planders be fuppofed to know it ? The word linns elf contradids it, which, I am fure^ can be no ancient 7land word* For Thins is called by the Swedes, Thinis^^ J by the Dutch ^ ThiniuSy which is as much as Antom- ; and which way can it be fuppofed that the Name of Umy fhould be known among the Philanders, before :y received the Chriftian Dodtrine ? The fame may be d, concerning their pretended Reafon of fetling in Lap^ d, which they fay the Fmlanders did to free themfelves m the Burthen of heavy Taxes laid upon them. To lich purpofe Z^ach, Plantm fays this : There is a Tm- lon among the Laplanders, that they firjl left their an-' nt Habitations without the Confent of their GovernourSm r, being bepnd all meafure offrejfed with Taxes, they f their Habitations in Tavaftia near Brokarla and Ren- acris, and taking their voay through the vafi Forefi of ivaftia, did fettle themfelves on the fouthern fart of the a^/hoar of Oftro Bothnia near the Bay of Bothnia, being m quite deflitute of Inhabitants. There, as it is faid^ -y fi^fi fitch'd their Tents, But this is in no wife agree- le to the Etymology of the word Laplander, which, dording to their own Confeffion^ (as has been (hewn fore) fignifies as much as a banilh'd Perfon, and there- re has not the leaft relation to thofe, who voluntarily [c their Native Country, on the account of heavy Taxes. It to this fdme reply, that they got this Name, be- ufe they were afterwards forced from thofe places, here they had eftablifh'd themfelves at firft ; as is evi- nt from the following words of the beforemention*d 'antin. Their own Country-men being exafpcrated againft em, becaufe they had left their ancient Habitations^ or ^e from a Motive of Avarice and Envy, or perhaps both^ d refolve totally to extirpate them, a72d under the ConduB one Mathias Kurek, (as it is generally faid) did attach em with fuch Vigour, by liilUng and plundering whatever ey met with, that at lafi they forced them to leave that rge and fertile tract of Land ; and to retire to the I{ivers ' Torna and Kimi, where they led a mifernble life, being together employed in fifhing of Salmons for fome time, till ' I aft they were forced to fee\for /he Iter among the dread- f/ Mountains, furrounded on all fides with Defarts. Thus r Plantin, who had this Relation from the Natives mfelves^ and does pofitively affirm , that the before- ^ " ^ jnentioned
The Htflovy of Lapland. \
mentioned Andrew Anderfon did affure him, that he 1 d feen fome of the Lapland Writings, in which ment|n was made of this IQireli as their Leader, which is o - firmed by the Teftimony of his Father Olaus Petri iSi - i l^aius; Thefe are his words : About the beforementmi\ time, being that of the Birth of Chrift, feveral Familie. f the Finlanders did leave the DiftriBs of Birkala and R< . go, and crofftng the great Fore ft of Tavaftia, did fix thr \ Habitations near the Sea-fhoar of Oftra Bothnia, wh • I now are Nerpis and Nuftafaca ; being at that time, : place, deftitute of Inhabitants. Here they lived quiet -without being molejied with Taxes as their Country-men t Finlanders were at Home ^ and applying themfelvcs Trade, they ufed to fell feveral forts of Commodities to thu Country-men the Thavaftians. Thefe finding them, by tk fflcndid appearance, to live in great Affluence of Fortw and looking with an envious Eye upon their goodly Apfar chofe one Matthew (he means Kurek^) for their Leadt under whofe ConduB they made a powerful Irruption upc ihem, plundering and deftroying every thing they met i their way ; neither would they reft fatisfied, till they ha forced them from thence, as far as to the fivers of Chin md Torni, But, in a few Tears, after being informec that in this place alfo they lived fufficiently at their eaf they attackt them a fecond time, and treated them fo bai haroufly, that being defpolled of all their Cattle, both grea end fmall, they were forced to (belter themfelves in thof Defarts, where they now live, having nothing left bu,t thei ffhing Nets. But who is fo ftupid as noc to underftand that this was meant of an InvaGon made in latter Ages : For, not to infiO: upon the Sirname of Kurel{, which can not be of fo ancient a dace (it being certain that in thoH Days Sirnames were nor in ufe among the Nobihry) wh( can be fo ignorant, as not to know, that the Name c Matthew could not be introduced into Finland, before the EftabiiHiment of the Chriftian Faith ? There beini not the lead Fcotftep of that Name to be met with either in the ancient Pagan Hiftorians, or in any othc Monuments of Antiquity. And there is not the leaft pre bability, that the Laplanders fliould have fettled m tb larter Ages near the Norwegian Mountains, whxh befor their coming thither, were quite de'l'tute of Inhabitants Since it is obvious, That before our Saviour's Time the Biarmians and Scridfinni did inhabit thofe Parts, the laft
The Hiftory of Lapknd«
which were a Colony of the Finlanders, as is evident )in the Etymology of their Name. Thus the Finland-- f are mentioned to have dwelt here under the Reign
Harald the Fair, Kmg of 'Norway, and his Soii Eric odock, , who lived a confiderable time before Chriftia- ry was introduced. Sturlefon gives us fome Particulars
the Expedition undertaken by the laft, firft againft the habitants of Finmarkja^ and afterwards againft the armiam, Thefe are his words: Then he fet fail (fpeak- f of Eric BlodockJ northward to Finmarkia, and from 'nee to Biamia, where engaging in a Battle with the Bi- nians, he obtained the ViElory and a conjiderable Booty* he did fee fail from Norway to the North into Finmar" f, it is evident that in his time Finmarkia was not
diftant ro the North of Norway, and that it bordered on the Sea, juft as the modern Inhabitants of Finmar^
now, which has retained its ancient Name. And, :aufe the Finlanders did inhabit the fame Tra6t in ;fe days (as is apparent by its Name) it is in vain to y^ok, that the Laplanders , vanquifhed and forced out the Southern Bothnia by Matthew I\ureck^, were its firft labitants. Neither could they derive the Name of ffi from their being expelled at that time, the fame ing already mentioned by Saxo ; and I fee not the leaft: ifon to perfuade my felf, that the Expedition of Kji^ !i fhould have been undertaken before his time ; the ritings alledged for this Opinion, in which the Name Matthew Kjireck is mentioned, being of no validity, ifidering that in thofe Days, to commit Things to iting was not only not cuftomary, but alfo unknown ong the Laplanders, We muft therefore trace the Ori- lal of the Laplanders another way, by which it may ^ear, from whence they had the Name of Lappi or iles. My Opinion is, that the ancient Finlanders did at eral times fettle their Colonies in L^/?/^mJ,which among ler reafons, may be proved from the different Names their Leaders, being by fome called Tins Kpgre, by lers Mlefchogicfhe. The firft and moft ancient Colony ms to have been the fame, which gave birth to that of
Biarmians, whom I take for granted to have been the e OfFfpring of the ancient Finlanders, becaufe their ds were called by Finland Names, becaufe their Man- 's did agree in all Points with the ancient Finlanders ; 1 laftly, becaufe rhsy are by all the Foreign Writers
The Hijlory of Lapland. cMcd S^ridfimi, which is as much to fay, as JF/V^/^ ers fliding along upon the frozen Snow, the Ancie s knowing no others, having given to the Biarmians tilt Name, as they were fo ftiled by the Finlanders, Mx their dwelling among the Mountains. For Biarmia d\ Burcius, fecms to be derived from the Finland word \ rama, which fignifies a Mountainous Country. But I reigners, who had been told that they ufed to Aide aJo - m wooden Shooes upon the Snow, which among v Swedes and other Northern Nations (from whence th' had the only knowledge of thofe People) was called /. s^rtida, did therefore inftead of the Biarmians. whi were unknown to them, give them the Name of Sk^i finni. As the ancient Finlanders and Biarmians were i the fame Off-fpring, fo they frequently were under t Government of one King ; as for inftance, under t Reign of Cufo, who, according to Saxo, was King bo of Finland and Biarmia, under the Reign of King He ter. But what induced them to change their Hpbit tions IS not fo very eafy to guefs. Perhaps it was out fear of the Swedes, who already in their King d?nu. Time had miferably beaten the Finlanders. To whi( purpofe fays Sturlefon: He undertook an^xf edition in Finland, Tp/j^r^ engaging in a Battel with Froftes the Kji ef the Finlanders, he put to an entire I{put, with gre. /laughter burning ami plundering all Finland, from when he brought home a great Booty, We will now fay fomt thing of their fecond Colony, which I fuppofe might t undertaken at that time, when the Ruffians firft exrcnc ed their Conqueft to the Lake of Ladoga, the Cnielr which thefe barbarous People exercifed againft the Var quiflied, being a fufficient Inducement for them to lca\ ( their Native Country, and to retreat into Laplam\ What confirms me moft in this Opinion is, that the Lai landers are called by the Ruffians, J^ajeani, as has beej Ihewn before, which feems to arife from thence, becaul! they believed them to be originally defcended from Ks jama, from whence they retired inro Lapland-^ and th: the ^tiffuns could not know, but by their own Experj ence, confidering they are ignorant in nil fort of Hiftci i ry ; but efpecialiy in that of former Ages, ir beina againj the Cuftom of that Nation, to tranfmit their Deeds t|' Poftericy in Writing : So that what we have alledged be fore concerning the true Reafon of transferring themfelv^
int
The Hijiory of Lapland. 47
to L4fUnd, muft have been tranfaded in the fixth ge after Chrift, when the HuJJtans firft attacked the nlanders, efpecially thofe of Carets and IQtjania^ and ^tended their Conquefts on that fide. And thefe I fup- )fe to be the fame, which the Swedes^ Danes, and Nor^ ?gUns call Finni, or with an addition, Siafinni or Ticle-^ im, 4S being the OfKfpring of the ancient Finni, the 4me of the Biarmians (as the feweft in number) being Fallowed up in the other, and grown quite out of te ; efpecially fince the Defeat ihey received from Ha^ Id, firnamed Harfager, King of Norway^ who, if we lieve Snorro, did almoft deftroy the Blannians, Thefe I his words : Harald fet fail towards the North into Fin- irck, as far as Biarmia, vphere he fought a Battel^ and nquijyd the Inhabitants , bringing back^ great Spoils, cm whence it is evident that he pafs'd by the Findland- ] in Finmarcl{, and only attacked the Biarmians, who ing put to an entire Rout, it is probable could never :Qver themfelves fince, but being quite overpowered by z Finlanders, their Name was quite loft wirh their Go- rnment. And thefe are the feveral Colonies fent forth out this Nation, before they were called Laplanders ; it ing certain that in thofe Days that Name was un- own in the World, they being then called Finni, Scri- mni, and Biarmi; the Lappi and Laplanders owing jir Rife to the following Ages. And here it is to be ferved, that, confidering that Adam of Bremen, who ed about the Year after Chrift, One Thoufand Se- nty Seven, makes not the leaft mention of the Lafland^ , whereas Saxo the Da-ne, who writ about the Year A/elve Hundred, after the death of Chrift, does, it is •y probable, that this their third Migration (made af-' ' they were called Laplanders) was undertaken during It interval of time. Now, if we trace the Hiftory of )fe Times, we fee no other reafon which could induce : Finlanders at that time to leave their Habitations^ .n the Expedition undertaken by Eric , firnam'd the 'nt, againft Finland, with fuch fuccefs, that he made :m tributary to Swedeland, and forced them to embrace iriftianity ; which .happening about the Year after ifift, 1150. did queftionlefs move many to leave their itive Soil a third time, and to fix their Habitations in fland.
For
r
The Htftory of Lapland. For what other Motive could be more prevailing th to avoid the Subjedioii of a Foreign Yoak , and to : compelled to proicfs a Religion, wh'ch having notf leaft relation to thar which had been misprinted into ht, by their Anceftors, they look'd upon as abominable And from hence it is alfo no cifficult Task to guefs the true Etymology of the word Lafp; being by the n who embraced Chriftianiry, and had lubmitced ther felves to Sweden^ called Lapps or Ex ks, becaufe th{ left their Native Counny for fear of rhe owe^ies, and o of an Averfion they had to the Chiiltian Re.ig on Tfc is put beyond all difpute, by the Edidt publilh'd by tl beforementioned King Eric , by vercue of which, a fuch as would not renc unce the Pagan Supentit.ons, weji banifh*d the Country, fr. m whence they were ever fim- ftiled Lapps or Exi/es^ a NaiT»e they cannot well bes to this Day. And this is my Opinion concerning the tru Origine, and the feveral Migrations of the Lapland Nj tion. I am not ignorant ihac feveral learned Men ha\ endeavoured to make them of the fame Race with th Tartars, but without any probability , being fully pei fwaded, that the Tartars never fetled any Colonies ii thofe Northern Parts ; Belidcs, that the Tartars live upo: Plunder and Rapine, and are good Warriers, the Lap landers on the other Hand abominate War, living upor nothing but Hunting and Pafturage. The greateft Prid«! | the Tartars take is in the goodnefs and number of theiil i Horfes, whom they make ufe of both for Service anci Food, whereas the Laplanders are fo lirtle accuftomed tc Horfes, that they want a Word whereby to exprefs the jjgnification of a Hcrfe. Laftly, There is fo valt a diffe- rcnce betwixt rhe Languages of thefe two Nations, thai it is obvious they cannot be derived from one another] What thefe beforementioned learned Men alledge in theiii behalf concerning the difference betwixt the Finland andj Lapponian Languages is not a fujScienc Argument to di-i vert me from my Opinion, tho' I know they claim a par-l ricular Prerogative from their being skilful in both ; becaufe they are pofitiveJy contradided 'in this Point by others of our own Acquaintance, no lefs skilful in thefe Languages than themfclves, as we (hall have occnflon to f^ew more at larr^c hereafter, when we fliall fpcak of the Language of the Laplanders. Neither is it any con-j| fequence, that becaufe there is a remarkable difference '!
The Htfiory of Lapland. 49
in many Words of the Finland and Lapponian Tongues^ ■herefore both differ in the Origine, this difference being not fo much to be attributed to their different Origine, as to the length of Time, which always introduces con- fiderable Alterations in Languages. Thus there are many Words in the Ancient Smdifh Language, which have not the leaft affinity to thofe now in ufe, notwithftand- ng which thjey are looked upon as genuine, and not be- longing to i^nother Tongue. They urge further, That he hatred betwixt the Finlanders and Laplanders is a^ ma» lifeft fign of the difference of their Origine • but if we •efled upon the Reafons alledged before, which occa- ioned this hatred, this will ftand them in as little ftead, IS what they tell us, concerning the diverfity of their Vlanners, vi^. That the Finlanders apply themfelves to Agriculture, dwell in Houfes, and feveral other Matters )f that Nature, which are not ufed among the LapUn- iers ; but the reafon of this is evident, the Laplanders when they changed their Habitations, being forced to nake a Vertue of Neceffity, and to accommodate their way of Living to the nature of the Soil they were to live in, and to leave off their former Cuftoms, as were impracfticable there ; For the reft, it feems very proba- ble that thofe Finland Families, who undertook this laft Migration, did fettle their firft Habitations in the midft Df the Foreft of Tavaftia, there remaining to this Day a fafting Memorial of their Settlement there, near a certain Lake, called by the Inhabitants Lappiakaivo, or the Lap- ^anders Spring. Job, Tornaius defcribes it thus : In the rnidft of the Foreft of T2.V2lMz, there is afrnallLake np- broaching to a circular Figure, furrcunded with a Moat as f made on purpofe, which the Inhabitants call Lappiakaivo, ^hat is, the Fountain Laplanders. Being at laft
forced, for want of neceffary Suftenance, and for fear Df the Finlanders who fpread themfelves as far as Tavaftia, a Country deftitute of Inhabitants before that tme, td feek for a fafer retreat, where they might er j y more; :onveniencies of Living, they retired towards the Bay of Bothnia. And this is" the fame Colony, which remains ver in Memory among the Laplanders, as we have Hiewd before, out of Plantin. To confirm which there are cer^ , tain Memoirs taken from fome Manufcriprs of JoL Bu- raus. Antiquary of Sweden, which fliews, That many of thefe Lapps or Exiles did continue to live in thofe Parts
E till
r
The Hijiorj of Lapland.
till the Reign of King Magnus LaduUos, being the Yeai of Chrift, 1272. and confequently a whole Age after their Migration. Thefe are his Words : Vnder the [{eign of IQ'ng Magnus Ladiflaos, the Laplanders were as yet^ a free Peofle , and finding he was not likely to bring them under Subjcclion to the Crown of Sweden, he fromifed to nil ftich as would undertake that Tasl^, the Government over them. The Bikarti {being thofe inhahdting the diJiriH of Biknrta) encouraged by the Kings offer ^ began firfi to infmu^ ate thcmfelvcs by way of Commerce with them, which by de- grees, and frequent Meetings, turning into a great Famili^ arity, they unawares fell ufon the por Laplanders, many of whom they killed, the refi they forced tofubmit, from the Ncrthern to the Southern Part of the Sea jhoar. Which done they obtained a Patent from the Kjng, by vertue of which the rernainders of the Laplanders, living on the Bay of Bothnia, were made their Vaffals^ and forced to give them a certain Yearly Tribute, From whence it is very evident. That under the Reign of King Magnus Ladiflaos, they remained as yet in their Settlements near the Bay of Bothnia, as we told you before ; and, thnt being attack'd and vanquifh'd by the Bikarti, they fled from their Ha- bitations on the Bothnian Bay, and were forced to feek out new ones in more diftant Places. Tis true, mention \ has been made already, that before they were fubdued ! by the Bll^arti^ they were forced from their Habitations i near the Bay of Bothnia, by one K^yck^, Commander in I chief of the Tavnfiians; but if we make a narrow Search into this E^fpedition, it will appear, that the fame muft be of a Inter Date; thus much is beyond all exception, that the fame could not be undertaken near the time of our Saviour, as has been pretended by fome. It is very probable, that in a Thing of this Nature, tranfmitted to Poflcrity by bare Tradition, the Laplanders might very eafily confound the Tranfadions of divers Times, and of the Reigns of Eric the Saint, of Magnus Ladiflaos, as well as of feme other Kings, both before and after, out of which they have compiled one Hiftory, fo Intricate, as not to be adjufted without great difficulty. Olaus Pe- tri gives us the following Account ; I have Mentioned one Matthew, under whofe ConduFi the Finlanders attacked the Laplanders, to feek for Shelter in the utniofi parts of the 'North. Some will have this Man to have teen defcended from the mof} noble Family of the Kurcks in Finland, who
Tk Hiftory of Lapland.
iit4>s fo fomidabk m Bnerny to the Laplanders, that they fromifcd to pay him an annual Tribute : But grown at Injl weary of th^ tqil of fo long a Journey, he^ as it is related^ made agreement with the Bikarti, inhabinng a certain i}(firid of Land in the Province of Tavaftia, by vertue of which they fut him in pjfeffion of forne Lands in Finland, in exchange for which he furrendred to them all his ^Ight and Pretenfions upon the Laplanders. From hence it is tha t the Laiplanders did fay a certain, yearly Tribute to the Bicakrci (which is beyond all quefiion ) till the Tear afisr Chrifti 1554. ^nd no Body was permitted to Trade with them hu^ the Bikarti. There are feveral old Men now livings who atteft^ they have fecnthe Deeds of agreement made with the Family of the Kurcks, at the Houfe "of one John Nilfon, living at Erfnas, a Place in Luhlah Lapmarck. All which, if duly cqnfidered, proves. That chefe Things are to far fron:! having any likelihood of being tranfaded near the Time of our Saviour (as Olaus Petri would have it) thac they muft rather be fuppofed to h^ve been fince the Reign qf Magnus Ladijlaos, unlefs the matter might be recon- ciled thus, that thofe which by Olaus Petri are called Ta^ vafli , are the fame with the Bikarti of Buraus^ it being certain that the Bikarti are Inhabitants of Tavaftia, and that thefe had chofen the beforemencioned ^rck, for their Head, under whofe Condud they had forced the Lap- landers from their Habitations near the Eaftern Shoar of the Bay of Bothnia, and made them Tributary. In which C^fe we mijft fuppofe the Patent granted to the Blk.^rti to receive an annual Tribute from, and TralHck with the Laplanders, to have been given nor by KFrck, buc by King Magnus Ladiflaos himfelL For, how can it bcS imagined that IQircli, tho* their Leader, yen owing his Dignity to their Choice, could pretend alone to the Right of receiving this Tribute, and by what Authority could he grant it to the Blkjirti > The Tavnjli were either a free People, and for what reaion Oiould they let ano- ther difpofe of what was their own by Conquetl: ; ot elfe they depended on another Government, and confe* quenrly could not difpofe of it: Whatever Lands or Al- lotments the^B/^/zri'/ did aliot to fQ-n-cLr, feenr^ nor to have been given by way of agreement, or in exchange for the Tribute he granted them, but as a recompence for his Service irMhe War, Bur wbareVer Difpute may arife about Kl^''^k ^nd the Tava/li , 1 think it is unqueiiiona- E 2- hk
The Htftory of Lapland.
bic that the Laplanders cannot deduce their Race either from the Ruffians or Tartars^ but from the Laf landers ; and that being forced to quit their Nacive Country, and at feverai times to ftiift their Habitations, at Jeaft fettled thcmfelves in thofe Parts they now Inhabit. And this Country, is fince ivom iht Svocdes, who conquered the greateft part of it, called Lapland, from the laft migra- tion of its Inhabitants out of Finland, For the Swedes having underftood from the FinUnders, that thofe who had refufed to embrace Chriftianity, and upon that Score had left their native Soil to feek for refuge elfewhere, were by them called Lappi^ they continued to give them the fame Name. From them the Danes got it, and fo Saxo ; and afrerwards ^eiglerus, who was converfant in Svpcden. Damianus GoeSy who has given us an account of the Laplanders, had it from Olaus and Johannes Mag^ \ nus. Thus by degrees the Name of Lapland was fpread further, by which they underftood that TracJl of Ground inhabited by the modern Laplanders, beginning at the Bay of Bothnia, and extending to the North ; efpecially fince the greateft part of it became under the Swediflo Subjedion, who call it Lappia or Lapland, except a fmall part of it on the Sea-Shoar of Norway, which retains ftill the ancient Name of Finland; and fome part of it bordering upon the White-Sea, by the t{ujpans called Kjtjania : Tho at the fame time the HuJJians now call the Laplanders oftentimes Loppi, a Word they have, without all doubt, received from the Neighbouring Fin^ landers.
CHAP.
The Hijiorj of Lapland.
51
H
CHAP. VIL
Of the frji Religion of the Laplanders.
A V I N G thus far traced the Rife and Origine of the Lafland Nsiuon, we muft now treat of them more in particular ; and before all the reft of their Religion, not fuch as it is now a-days, but what it was before they received the leaft TincSlure of Chriftianity ; it being un- queftionable, that there were Laplande s, or at leaft fuch as inhabited the fame Country now called LafUnd, be- fore the Chriftian Religion was introduced in thofe Pares, vi:{, the Finni , Lapfofinni^ Sk^ idfinni or Biarmi, as has been (hewn before. Befides that the L^/Z^w^^^rj, proper- ly fo called, did not embrace Chriftianity till in che lar- cer Ages, which naturally leads us into an enquiry, what Religion was received among them before that Time, It feems to be beyond ail doubt, that they were Pagans or Heathens, as all the other Northern Nations were in former Ages ; but there being a remarkable difference be- twixt the feveral Religions of the Pagans themfeives, it is worth our enquiry, what kind of Religion it was the Laplanders profefs'd. 'Tis very probable they were of the fame Religion with the Finlanders; for, as they ow*d their Origine to them, fo queftionlefs, they received their Religion from them ; but for want of ancient Mo- numents it is a very difficult Task to determine what this Religion of the Finlanders was, fo that we muit reft fatisfied with the beft Conjedlures we can make from what we have left of the ancient Blarmi and Skridfinm, and from fome remainders of it, among the modern Ftn-- Under s 2indi Laplanders ; it having been fulHciemly proved before, that the Biarmi were the moft ancienc Coboy of the Fmnt\ who fettled themfeives in the fitne Country^ now called Lapland. If we fearch into their mork ancient Monuments, we find that they p-^y'd Divine Wo ■*liip to one they called Jumala. Thus the Hiftory of St. Oiaus King of Norway fays in exprefs Terms : The God of the Biarmi, whom they call Jumala, fiands upon an Altar. Iq the fame manner Ferrodus in his Hiftory, fpeaking of a pertain Temple of the Biarmi, has thefe Words % Here Q|,^p^
^ j 54 The Htfiorj of Lapland.
I you fee a God, famous among them under the Name of Jq-
I rnal^. From whence it is evident, that this word Juma^
' In or Jomala , was a Word altogether Foreign to thofe
who writ rhofe Hiftories, becaufe they alledge it as a \Vorr.' pccuhar to ihcBiarmi, and unknown to themfelves. And nncc thofe Hiilorians were either of the ancient Goths, or Norxi^egians, or I/landers, this Word is not of Gothic cxrradtiori, bat belongs properly to lome other Nation, and in all probability to the Finlanders, becaufe the fame iS ufed among them to this Day. For what the Greek C3J] 020,', the Latins Deus ^ the Swedes and Goths , and ^^''-edefcended from them, Gott or Guth, is by the r ^.n Ftnlanders called Jnmala, The word 'Jumala rhen oeann- the fignification of the falfe God among them in ancient Times, it is very probable that the fame was tranlplanted from the Finlanders to the Biarmi, and their 5uccefR)rs the Laplanders, who being likewife defcended Jrom the Fmlanders, are joined with the Biarmi , fo as ^ make but one Nation, did, according to their ancient ^uiiom retain the word Jumala, to fignifie the true God. i3ehdes this^/zw^/^, it feems as if the Laf landers had another God, the fame who by the Sxpedes was called Thor ; It being certain that to this very Day they Wor- Inip. among feveral other Idols, one Tor, as we fliall haVe occafion to fhew hereafter ; befides, that the ancient Fin^ landers, and efpecially the Tavafli, had among their Gods m^Tiirrijas, being the fame with Tor. Siep-efied Aaron, who writ in Verfe of the Gods of x}ci^Finlntders, confirms JD.r..;.. 1 . Tcilimony ; his Words alledged by Ui^
tZTlo thefe ; The Tavafti r,or/hipfed on,
f. u ^f ^^^^ God of IVar and ViBory, This word Tur.
r{fdi IS joined from two others, to wit Turris ahd Jis, which imputes as much as Turis, Torus or Tures (for thus u IS vmoullY cxprefTed, as we have fhewn in our Y^^^n^ oi VpfrJ) Prince of the Afes or ^ftatickj; and that thofe who in mofl ancient times cam.e oat of ulfia and fettled in the Northern Parrs were called Afes, I have lufiiciently derr.cnftrared in the befdrementioned freatife. One of their moft ancient Leaders being called Turus, tHe iFmiandeTs did wor/hip hirn under the Name o{ Turifas. ^f^n^nrn Jonas reiis us, that the Finlanders h.id in ancient Iirncs one Tornls for their King, who was a Predeceffor <ot Nonu, King pf -Norway, from whom, as fome are of opinion, tha? Kingdor?? got its Name^ quafi^ Noririge,, or
The Hiftory (/ Lapland. 6S the Kingdom of Norus ; and it is fufficiently known that it was not unufual among the ancient Kings to take upon them the Names of their Gods. And, as we read^ of fe- veral among the Grcekj who were called by the Names of Ittpiter and Neftune, fo without doubt King Torrus had derived his Name from Tonus or Turnes, the God ot the ancient Finlanders. It is very probable that ihc Laplan- ders received this God Tunus, Tomes, or Tor, hom the ^inlanders, as they did their Language, Worfhips and Guftoms. To thefe two Gods (if they are Two) fumala and Tor, may be added a Third, to wit, the Mm; which Opinion I found upon this, becaufe they recsop the Sun to this Day among their Gods, and that almolt aU the barbarous Pagan Nations have pay"d Divme Wotftip to the Sun ; and, if thefe Nations who Itvea unaer a happy Climate, and confequently enjoyed all the Bene- fits of his Light and Heat, did adore this Celeftial Body ; how much more probable is it, that the Laplanders who live for a confiderable Time of the Year m contmuai Darknefs, and endure very bitter Frofls, ftiould Worlliip the Sun that enlivens them } But concerning the Sun, we fflall have occafion to fay more hereafter. And thele are thfe Gods of the ancient Laplanders, thofe which the Rsmms called Maiorum Gentium, or of the fira Rank: Whether they had any of an inferiour Degree, may perhaps be called in queftion ; but confidering that to diis very Day they retain among them fome of the Demi-Gods, as lhall be fliewn anOn, and that the Finlanders in former Ages did Worlhip fome of them, as Wexovius tells us I don^c queftion, but that they brought them into Lapland. 1 hcie are tVexovius his Words, which he has taken out oi Siegs.- fried Aaron : The ancient Finlanders had hkevpife then l - ic Demi-Gods ; thus the Inhabitants 0/ Carelia had Kongo- J- ^ theus the GodofKye, Pellonpeko of Barley, Wicrecznms ofJ>^ bats, Egres was locKd upon among them as the Patron of Herbs, Peafe, Turnips, Flax and Hemp ; leko mth his Wife Kozne of Tempejis; Kukre was fupfofed theProteBor ifCattel; Hyfe had' the command of the Wolves and Meart ; Nyrke was the Patron of Squirrel-Huntmg as Hyttavanes was of Hare-Hunting. It is, I think paft all doubt, that the Laplanders did Worlhip fome of thefe as Gods, efpecially thofe whofe affiftance they flood moit m need of for the better performing of their Bufincis, m^. Such of thefe Demi-Gods whom they acknowledged as ' ' E 4 Patrqns
5^ The Hiftory of Lapland.
Patrons of Hunting and Protedtors of their Cattle froiti wild Beafts ; whereas they might perhaps make but lit- tie account of the reft, being ufelefs to them, confider- ing they did not addid rhemfelves to cultivate the Ground : bur whether they worihipped them under rhe lame Names, I will not pretend to determine, becaufe J can meet with no certainty of it, either in their ancient Alonuments, or their modern Pradice. _ The next thing which falls undei our Confideration IS, to enquire what manner of Divine Worftip they paid to thofe beforementioned Godsj but to refolve this alfo, IS a very difficult Task, unlefs we make fome coniedures Irom what is pradifed among the modern Laplanders in their Rues, of which we ftall fpeak in the Ninth Chap, ter, which treats of the modern Religion of the Lapland- ers. The only thing then remaining, is, to take notice in this place what we read of Jumala. This God was rcprelented in the lliape of a Man, fitting upon an AU tar, with a Crown on his Head, adorned with twelve i^ems, and a Golden Chain about his Neck. In the Hittoiy of Herrodus, we find thele following words of this Jumala taken out of a very ancient Author • Then they approached to the Altar, or a Seat, upon M wat Seated Jumala. They took i^iy his Crown, hefet with twelve freciotis Stones and a Chain valued at thre. hunded Marks: of Gold In the Hiftory of Olaus there is likewne men- tion made of this Chain : Then Charles, fays he an up towards Jumala, and efpying a large Chain about his N ek hjwtth Ins Ax cm the String in pieces at one flroai which fajtned the Cham to the Neck, The word Men which is made ule of in the Original, is commonly interpreted bv the word Collar, it being obvious, that both are made nfe of about the Neck by a String, which was the rea- Ion that Charles was forced to cut it to pieces, before he could take ir away ; which had been needlefs, if it had been a Chain. It is therefore my Opinion, that this Men was a certain Golden Badge or Jewel, finely engra- yen and fet with precious Stones; what confirms me in It is, that in the Hiftory of Herrodus no mention is made
ot Its weight, but only of its value, which would have been otherwife, had it been a Chain. This Jewel, as I luFpnfe, being ty'd round the Neck by a String, did ftang down upon the Breaft of the Image of Jumala, 3 ihum not uvAuA in iormer Agei, as I have ftewn in the
The Hifiory of Lapland.
eforeinequoned Treatife ; which Cuftom is alfo obferved ) this day among us, nothing being more frequent , lan to fee Golden Badges or Jewels faftned by a String r Ribband about the Neck. PVormius in his Didiona- y fays: Men was a round piece of Gold faftened on a Co!- tr ; a Mene, which Jlgnifies as much as the Moon^ its ro^ mdity refembling the foafe of that Celeflial Body. Thus le Latins call them Jumalas, as I have told you in the rforementioned Treatife. But whatever the Significa- on of the word Men may mean^ thus much is ccrrain, lat they paid Divine Worfliip to the Image of Jumala^ jing of a Human fliape, with a Crown on its Head, fet ith twelve Gems, as it is defcribed by the Author of e Hiftory of St Olaus ; which (hews us, that in this, ; well as in the other parts of his Habits he had near a femblance to the God Thor^ which was worftipped by le ancient Swedes^ according to the defcri prion we have ven of that Image in our Treatife of Vffal ; for this od was made fitting in the fliape of a Man, with a Irown on his Head, adorned with twelve Stars, as Ju- \ala with as many Gems; from whence I am apt to srfuade my felf, that the Bia-mi, and afterwards the aflanders did worfli'p the fame God under two differ- it Names, or at leaft made ufe of both Names promiC- loufly. For they called the true God, whom they knew artly by the Didates of Reafon» partly by Tradition, unidia ; but after the Name of Tor was introduced uong them, they either called him Tor, or gave the lame of Jumah to Tor ; what confirms tiie in this Opi- ion, is, that to thi^ day the Laplanders attribute the me Power to T?r, th^t in forrper Ages they did to Ju- lala, viz. the fupreme Command over all the inferior Jods, efpecially the bad and hurtful, over the Air, 'hunder, and Lightning, Health, Life, and Death of lankind, and fuch like, of which more anon. Thus mch of the fliape of Jumalia, What this Idol was made f, is not very well known, tho* I am of opinion, that was of Wood ; becaufe we are told in the Hifl:ory oC t. Olaus, that Charles did with his kx cut off its Head, nd that at one ftroak, which could nor, have been done^ ad it been of Gold or Silver; confidering erpecially, lat the 4uthor fpeaks in that Paffage of it as an accw ental thing, Charles^ Aim being only at the Collar an pjhich t|ie Jewel wa3 faftned | bm^ ff ys fee^ the Uom
The Hifiory of Lapland.
fo terrible, that at cnce it flruck^ off the Head of Befides, from the Hiftory of Merrodus^ it fecms to ll evident that this Image was of Wobd, becaufe it is fiii that it was burnt to Afhes with all that belonged to i Thefe are his words: Then, after they had ta\en avoay ^ the Gold and other precious Things, they fet the Temple i fire, and burnt all to Afhes. He fays, Ml, viz. the Ten fit, the Idol, and all the Furniture, except the Gold m other precious Things. The Gold here mentioned ufe to be offered to this God ; becaufe the Biarmi paid thei Homage ro Jtimak by cafting as much Gold into a larg Golden Bafon of a vaft weight, as it would hold, whic ftood upon his Knees to receive the facred Offertory Herrodus in his Hiftory fays thus : They tooj^ from betmx^ Ms F^nees (Jumala's) a large Golden Bafon, which if fiirc!\ might contain as much Liquor , as was fnfficient for fou\ Men ; this was full of Gold. The Hiftory of Olaus make! this VefTel not of Gold, but only of Silver; and infteac| of the Gold within, full of Silver-Coin : Thefe are hi' words : Thorer came back to Jumala, and tool^ away thi^ Silver Bafon, full of Silver-Coin, which refled upon hU Kpees. There it is to be obferved, that inftead of bard Stiver, mention is made of Silver- Coin; fo, that proba- bly the before-mentioned Gold ought to be taken in the fame fenfe. Therefore why mention is made here of i Silver VefTel and Coin, is, becaufe long before the tim^ of Ohtts, the :Siarmi had loft their Golden Bafbn WitS the Golden Coin, and fincc that time had not been in a Condition to repair the Lofs of it, by getting another of the fame Metal. For the reft, the Bian^ii did not wof- Ihip this Jumala every where, but in a few particular places, and perhaps in one only, where a Structure was ereded in the nature of a Temple. Herrodus feems to intimate this in his f-Iiftory, when he mentions this Tem- ple as a peculiar place, known but to few, and places it among thick and remote Woods ; for this he introduces a Country-Maid fpeaking: In this Forefl is a 'very fine Tem- fie, belonging to }(jng Hareker; this is the I^efidence of 4 , God, called Jumala, who is worfhipped far and near. I j faid in the nature of a Temple, becaufe ic was not built with Walls and Roof, as our modern Temples are, but only enclofed with a certain Fence ; for the word Hoff made ufe of in the Original implies no more, Hoff fig- I22fying to this day a certain place enclofed round about^,
The Hlffory of Lapland.
y open at the top. Thus Halo, by which the Latins ,derftand the Circle which appears round the Moon, is lied Monfhojf'y perhaps by reafon of its Refemblance thofe Fences, wherewith they ufed to enclofe the Sta- es of their Gods. The ^pm^ln Tempks were built in e fame manner, open on the top, which makes Teftm V, A Temple is a fldce, which Ttriny be feen from^ dlfides^ d from whence you may look ^'^^^y ^here ; which could ithave been dohe, bad they been covered on the top. id fuch was the Temple of Jtimala, placed in a thick *ove : They approached, fays the Hiftory of Olaus, to ^ 'tain Grove, and in it they found a very high Fence, the wr of which was locl(d. Here you find the Fence and - Door mentioned, by which thofe were excluded who ^re not to be admitted to the Worlhip of Juniala : la is they did imitate moft of the other ancient Nations^ ho, tho' they commonly worfliip their Gods in Groves, ;t were always careful to defend the facred Refidencc ' their Idols, by a fuMcient Fence, or Hoff, which is e fame with what the Romans called Templum. Thus uch of Jumala, and the ancient manner of worfhipping m among the Biarmi, as far as it is tranfmitted to us^ f the ancient Writers. What concerns Tor, the Sm^ id fdme other of an inferior Rank, there is fcarce any 3btfteps left of them, unlefs what we find intermixed ich the Chriftian Religion, fdme of thefe Superftitions mtinuing among them to this day, of which we ihall eak in i peculiar Chapter.
CHAP.
The Hiftory of Lapland.
CHAR VIII.
!
Of the Seco^dy or the Chrijlun Religion of ti Laplanders.
TP H E Lapland Nation (as many others before then was, after it had continued a long time in the darl nefs of Paganifm, at laft enlightned with the Chriftia Religion. And this being the Theme of this Chapte we ought in the firft place to enquire, at what time thel received the firft Tindlure of Chriftianity, tho' it mul be confeffed that it is no eafie Task to determine it, be caufe we are quite deftitute of any Monuments of Anci <juity of this kind. 'Tis true Plantin pretends to main tain, that they knew nothing of ChriiUanity till the laf Age, from whence he concludes^ that they left Finland before that Nation was converted to the Chri&ian FaithJ His Words in the above-mentioned Preface arc thefea J> is evident^ that vohen in the lafl Age the Goffel wat Preached among thofe Barbarians^ they were fo ignorant in the way of Salvation^ that they themfelves confefsd^ they ne* ver had heard the leaji thing of Chriji, But, notwithftand- ing this, I cannot give entire credit to this AfTertion, it being beyond all doubt, that already in the time of ^eg^ lev they were not altogether ignorant of the Chriftian Re- ligion, and fome among them adually did profefs it. But X^egler lived at the very beginning of the laft Age, he having been at Stocl^holm at the time of the MafTacrc undertaken by that famous northern Tyrant Chriftiern^ of which he hath left us the Hiftory. Nay ^iegler feems to intimate, as if the Chriftian Religion had been know(| among them a confiderable time before him ; They now and then, fays he, apply themfelves to the knowledge of the Chrifiian Religion, to curry Favour with their Kjngs^ un» der whofe Juris diEiion they live. He fays their I\lngSy which (hews that he does not only fpeak of the Reign of Chrijiiern, but likewife of the former Kings. And tru- ly it feems almoft incredible, that fo many preceding Chriftian Kings (hould not have taken the leaft Care of the Salvation of Laplanders, their Subjeds , but fufFer them to continue in their Paganifm, without fhe leaft
The Hiftory of Lapland.
owledgc of Chrift, and the Chriftian Religion. The ntrary appears out of a certain Letter of King Eric^ fir- med the Pomeran, written to the Confiftory of Vpfai^ which he exhorts them to fend fome Minifters to inftru^ - Laplanders ; which afterwards was made ufe of by ing Charles IX. King of Sweden, as an Argument to aintain his Title to Lapland, againft fome of his Neigh- lursin thefe following Words : Kf^g Eric the Pomeran, mithjianding he was K^^g of Denmzrk and Norway, n$ II as of Sweden, yet did he direH his Letter to the Confix ry of Upfal, to exhort them to fend fome Minifiers into inland. It ought further to be confidered that their xt Neighbours were the m\arti, whofe Origme was her out of Tinlnnd or Sweden, and were long before nverted to the Chriftian Faith ; with thofe they main- n'd a conftant Commerce, nay pay'd them a certain ribute ever fince the time of King Magnus Ladulaos, as J have (hewn before, and (hall have further occafion to iw hereafter; and fince King Magnus lived in the thir- tnth Century, how can it be true, that Chriftianity was It known there till in the laft Age ? I am rather apt to lieve, that ever fince the time of King Magnus Laduiaos ere were always fome Chriftians among the Laplanders^ at leaft fuch as pretended to be fo. For Lapland being en conquered and made a Province of Sweden, there is ) doubt, but thac the Swedes did at the fame time efta- iOi their Government and the Chriftian Religion there, ho* at the fame time, if we are not miftaken in our for- er Conjedure, concerning the migration of the F/w- nders into Lapland, by reafon of the dreadful Arms of ric the Saint, and the Averfion they had to the Chriftian eligion, then firft introduced in Finland, 'tis probable ey muft at that time underftand fomething of Chnft, and e Chriftian Religion, tho' at the fame time they did jgled and refufe it, Befides this, if we confider that ,e ^inlanders have always been their Neighbours, how m any Man of Senfe imagine, that for feveral Ages to- other they fliould not give them the leaft Inftrudion con- Tning Chrift and the Chriftian Religion ? It is therefore ly conftant Opinion , that the Laplanders had the hrlt nowledge of Chrift ever fince the Reign oi Enc t^je tint, viz. above 500 Years ago, but did refufe to eni- race the Chriftian Faith as long as they were under their wn Government but being afterwards conquered by
62
c. 19.
L. 4.
'7-
The HijloYj of Lapland.
the Swedes, they either voluntarily , or to curry Fav< with their Kings, as ;^/^/^r %s, or out of forxie oti ^ Motive began toaiTume the Name of Chriftians ; whi, as It happened under the Reign of King Magnus Ladul'
t^AnnT^^l.^^^ ^^"^ Savio
XV1L.CLXXVII. it is from this time we ought to dedi the lirft beginning of the Chriftian Religion in LapU^ And thus much of the firft Head, the next Thing to confidered is, in what manner they received the Chrii an Dodrin ^ this :^iegler tells us when he fays : They m ther entirely embrace nor altogether refufe the Chriflian ^ bgion^ but retain a certain hatred, not unlike the Jex^ agatnfl it; tho novo and then they prof efs it, to pleafe the\ Kings, under whom they live. He tells us in plain Terpl that It was not out of a good Inclination, or a Defire the had ro a Religion^ which they believed could lead thei to Salvation, that ihey did prefer ic before their anciei Pcigan Superftitions, but meerly to curry Favour wit their Kings, or to avoid the Piiniflimenc, which the U\ infiiais upon thofe who perfift in their Obftinacy. It from thofe Motives, that they ufed to Celebrate thei Marriages in the Prefence of a Prieft, and carried thei Children to fome of the Neighbouring Churches, to b ^aptifed there ; for thefe were the two main Things, thei Religion confided in, and for this Reafon arc only men noned by Olaus Magnus ; Preaching, and what elfe hu any relation to the knowledge of the main Points of ifc Chriftian Faith, being things altogether unknown amqa^ them, as we may gather from :^iegler, who tells us, Thai the Governours of the Church were become very carelcfs in having them duly inftrudted. Another Proof of this may be taken from the ancient Records of Bilhopricks, there being not the leaft mention of any Lapponian Diocef? or Church, or of any Diocefs ro which Lapland did be long. Lallly, if it had nor been fo, what reafon wr.r there for King Erics fending his Letters to admoninuhcir • to furnifii Lapland with Priefts. Tis true, Olaas Mig- 72US takes a great deal of Pains to contradid :^ic(^Ier m what he relates concerning the flow advance of the'Chri- ftian Religion ; neverthelefs he is forced to acknowledge, That the moj} ?iorthern Nations have cominued for fo mnn^ Agespaflin Darknefs^ neither are as yet entirely converted, 1. c. they had reap'd no Benefit of the Chriflian Religion; which makes him break our into thefe Words ; H^e live
in
The Hijlorj of Lapland. 6{
UofeSi that when once they are taught the f^ord of Gody y mil at laft ^iphrace the Chriflian Faitk{ This was ; true State of Religion in hofland^, till the Reign of ng Guftroe ; truly a very miferable one, and fuch as fcred ffocn the ancient Paganifm only in Name and a V external Ceremonies, which ferved to make them pafs
Chriftians in outward (hew. This moved Damian a fj, a Contemporary, and otherwife a great Friend of
two Brothers Johannes and Olaus Magnus\ to fay ; it Lapland was quite deflitute of the true IQtowiedge of iand Chrift, Which, together with what has been faid ore upon this Head, may ferve as a feafonable Inter- ration of the following Words of Olaus Magnus : By earneft and fious Exhortations of the Catholick^ Priefts, onfiderakle p4rt of this Savage Nation (thus he terms the glanders) have been frevailed upon, and our Hope increafes ^* 4« < ily^ that they will leave their ancient Errors, and unani^ ijly be reconciled to the Chriflian Religion, (a) The te of Religion was much altered after the acceffion of rjg Guftave to the Swedifh Throne; this Prince having en a more than ordipary care, to propagate the tme ligion as well in Lapland, as in all the reft of his Do- r)ions. That which moft contributed towards the Con- Cion of the Laplanders^ was, that whereas hitherto they 1 been Tributaries rather to the BiJ^arti than the Swe- h Kings, which made them the lefs regarded by the [I, they were now by Gufiave made immediate Sub- tsto the Crown, as we (hall fee anon, [t was therefore by his particular Command, that they re to affemble at a certain prefix'd Time, when at :e they were to pay the annual Tribute to the Kings Ile<5i:ors, and to be inftrudled in the chief Points of
Chriftian Religion. This is mentioned by Bur^us^ en he fays ; That at a certain Time in the Winter en they are to pay the annual Tribute to the King, they
a) Lundius obferves, That to this Day they retain many -of remnants of the Roman Religion ; fuch as to aMaio from [h at certain Days in the Year; to Pray to the Virgm Mary^ to pay her a fingular Dsvotion ; fo that, if any fudderi ac- ?nt happens to them, or that they are furprired at any things * y. crofs themfelres immediately with the Sign of the Crofsj,- ^crVj heIpmeVi^gia^''^^I^/;/^- a^f
Swec.
t.4. 17.
T/je Hi/lory of Lapland. . are obliged to meet in Barns, when feveral Mihifters: - appointed^ who Baptize their Children, and inltrudthll of riper Years in the chief Points of the Chriftian gion, and Chatechife them, taking particular care >o <i. amine them concerning what they had taught them 1 Year before. That this Cuftom was firft introdured King Guftave is evident from thence, that the Prec ceflors of Guftave having never received any Tribute the Laplanders, there was no occafion for their meeti: upon rhat Account, and confeqoently no opportunity performing the Minifteriai Fundion, Befid^( rhat OU would not have pafs'd it by in filence , if any thing this nature had been pradifed among them in his Time whereas on the contrary he declares, that the Laptande were in thofe Days obliged to carry their Infants, if th. t rn!"MM ^hem Baptized, above Two hundn
Englilh Miles to the next Chriftian Churches. Thefe a ^ his Words ; They live at leafl Two hundred ItaHan Mill d,ftar,tfrorn any Chriflim Churches, which is the rcaftl they very feldom come into them j neverthelefs thofe wh have embraced Chriflianity are very ohfervinz in their D, ty, and mtw,thfianding this great dijlancct vifit once c twice a Tear the Churches in which they were BaPtifed, an carry their Sucking Infants cither in Baskets, or tied upo their Backs thither, to have them Baftifed. Which ftiew that in thofe Days the Laplanders had no Meetings in theii own Country that they had no Priefts of their own, anci that t!iey ufed to Baptize their Children not in their owi Country, but in the next neighbouring Swedifh Churche of An^ormanland, Helfmghen and fome other Neighbour, ing Countries ; and that unlefs they did come thirhei Voluntarily, no Body ufed to compell' them to it. Thri 3S put beyond all contradidion, by the very Words of the Letter of K. Gufiave, dated at Stockholm July 24. nw, complaining that there were many of the Laplanders whc: had not as yet been Baptized : We are credibly informed: fays the- Letter, that there are many among you who have not received Bnptifm. One rcafon of which was a ccr- tain iuper/htion, common among the Laplanders, thad thofe who were Baptized in their Riper Years dye foon after, as i: is attefted by Peuctrm : They alledje. fays hej that nd fucb as are Baptised when they come to riper commonly dye within feven or eight Days after they have rtmved B.^^^t,fm. It was therefore not till the Reign of
King
The Hlfiory of Lapland. 65
ling Guftavey that Priefts were fent into Laf/and, toge- ier with the Kings Golledors, whoBaptifed their Chil- ren at Home, and inftrudted thetn in the Chriftian Faith, lare was alfo taker!, that they were not only obliged to ear thcfe that Preached the Gofpel, but tb be very ac- intive to the Inftruftions given them by thofe Minifters^, )rafmuch as they were to give an Account of what had een taught them in the enfuing Examinations. It was len that the Word of God, and the true Chriftian Reli- on was planted among them ; fo that fome have, not ithout Reafon, faid, that it was not till the laft Age^ at the Gofpel was Preached in Lapland^ the true way " Salvation being unknown to their Anceftors, as we ve told you before. Certain it is, that at that time they d Priefts appointed, who (hould inftrudt them in the hriftian Faith j as is evident from the Words of the be- re-mentioned Letter written 1 559- of King Gujlave^ which he commands them, to hearken ferioufly to the ftrudions of Mr. Michael, whom I fuppofe, to hate been e Firft Prieft, at leaft fince the Reformation, received fuch among the Laplanders, The beginning of the Roy- Letter, which is very prolix, runs thus : That there- re the Laplanders may have no lefs opportunity than other 'ations to be inftruBed in the true knowledge of God^ and ^e means of their Salvation, we have given our Command our faithful Mr, Michael, and hy thefe Prefents do com- and him, that he to the utmofl of his Power, endea'Vour, ' pious Exhortations and InftruEiions, to bring the Lap- nders as much as poffibly may be done, to the true IQioW' ige of God., the Baptifm , and the other Points of the Chri- Ian F{eligion, 8cc. Thefe good beginnings were more and ore feconded in the following Reigns of Charles Gufiave dolfh, and of Queen Chriftine ; who took care to lay the oundations of the two main Pillars of Religion, with- it which it cannot be fuppofed to be either lafting or icreafe in Strength ; I mean the Churches and Schools, ho then began firft to be founded in Laplknd. Olauf etri, tells us that 'Charles IX- the firft, who ordered hurches to be built in each Divifion or Marl^, andfrbm-^ *d each of them x^ith a Priefi, and every one of thefe with coynpetent Salary put, of his Treafury. Anir£as Buraui ys, that C/w/^-j IX. King of Sweden did caufe Churches i^^/^^^f^- ' be ereded in' Lapland, for the pet forma'nce of the Di- S^*'""' F mm
56 The HiJIorj of Lapland.
vine Service. The fame is confirmed by the Teftimoi I. j.Bift.otBailius, when he tell us. That Charles IX. King n Scd'.c. 5. Sweden, did take care to have Churches built in LapUn Joh.Tornceus fpeaks to the fame purpofe: Towards the U\ ter end.hys he, of the F{eign of Kjng Charles IK Churcch were began to be built the firjl time in Lapland. And 1 is fo particular in this matter, as to give us the Nam( of thofe Churches, vi:[. Tenoketis and Jukasjarff, one 1 the which was built in the year 1600, and the oth( three years after, at the King s Charge. Queen Chrijih having from a filver Mine there, followed his footftep and by her Charter of the year i64oxaufed 4 more to 1: built there, to wit, the Church of Arwit ^ierf, Arieph Silbojoeh and Nafafiell ; as it is exprelfed in the Chart< icfelf. Thefe were the Churches then built in Laplam but now adays there are in the Lapmark^ of Angermar land one called Aofalo , in the Lapmarl^of Vma, one cajj led Lykfala ; in the Lapmarl^of Pitha, four; theirnamel are, Graatrisk,, Arwit ^ierfs, Storas ff awyks, and Ark] floges. There was alfo a fifth called Silbojochs, whid was fome years ago demolifli'd and burnt by the Dana In the Lapmark, of Suhlah, there is but one, called Joci Moch ; there was formerly one called Nafrilocht, whid was burnt by accident not many years fince. In th( Lnpmark, of Torna are three Churches, vi:{, that of Juc kpchfierfs, I{ounala^ and Em t aches , In the Lapmarl^^ o\ I^'ma there is no more than one, called Enare ; thir teen in all, which are kept in a good condition, and fre- quented by the Laplanders, except thofe two of Silbojoek and Nafrilocht, according to the authentick Teflimony ol| Samuel Hhee77, in his Manufcripr, containing a Defcri- ftion of Lapland, which we have had occafion to men- tion feveral times before. All thefe Churches ac- knowledge the Swedifh Kings for their Founders, as the firft owes it foundation to the bounty of King j Charles IX. except the Church of Hpunala, which was built in the Lnpmark, of Torna, at the charge of three Bro-| thers, Natives of Lapland, and was adorn'd with a Bell., This'Zeal deferves the more to be taken notice of, be-j Caufc rhey were forced to fotch the materials reqnifitcli for this Building out of Norway, with their own Rain Deer. Tor^iceus gives us the following accoum of it : In the Lapmark t/Torna, there i: a cotain Viilrfgefoua^
t
The Hijlory of Lapland.
tei dmofigfl the Mountains which divide Sweden from Nor- way, called Rounala, inhabited by Laplanders, moft of them very Bjch: Among them were three Brothers , and honeji Men, who, when they faw feveral Churches ereBed in divers f laces <7/LapJand, being animated with afiousZ^ai for the fromoting the word of God , did alfo refolve to build a Church in the [aid Village. To accomplifh vhich, they fetched all the wooden Materials out of Nor- «ray, which they were forced to carry over the Mountains It a great diftance, and this very difficult ways, by the ijelp f their F{aln Deer, with almofi incredible trouble, Lafl of ill, they likewife Adorned this Church with a BelL An ex- mple which the more rare it is, even among thofe who lave the advantage of a more civilized Education, and irecend to a great lhare of Piety, the more praife worthy : is in thefe. For the reft, the manner of Building of beir Churches is very plain, but yet commodious enough; le Materials are moft Wood, as moft other Houfes in .apknd are buik. Adjoining to thefe Churches they have klfories, and feveral other Houfes, adapted for the ufe f the Priefts, and the conveniency of the Parifliioners, fpecially to refrefh themfelves in the winter time at the re, after a long journey in the cold. This feems to be rft introduced by Queen Chrifiine, in the year 1640. being the cuftqm before, for the Priefts to come tocer- lin places at certain feafons of the year, to perform their undlion.
TheQiJeens Charter fays expreOy ihm:We will take care lat convenient Habitations (hall be built near each Church ^ :c. On the other hand, it is our Will, that the Priefls )all live each near his Church. As to what relates to the chools, I am of opinion, that KxngGuflave Adolph was ic firft Founder of them in Lapland, fome time before le year 1619, the firft being Eiiabliaied in the Town of itha. Certain it is, that in the fame year, Nicholas An- '^m, Minifter of ?itha, does pay his acknowledgment pon that fcore, in his Preface to a B^tual, as they call 1% ere j Dedicated to that King, in the following words : rhis Ritual was Dedicated to his Majefly,to let the States 'Sweden, of what degree foever, underfland how far his Ujefly had extended his Mercy towards the Lapland N^- on, as well as the refi of his SuhjcEls, and how, out of his m Liberality, he had Ejlablifhed a School, in which the F z ' Tenth
The Hiftorj of Lapland.
Tcuth of Lapland were to be inftruBed in the Word of God and lifeful Learnivg. Olaus Petri gives us the true rea- fori which induced King Guftave Adolf h to ered: a School in Lapland, viz. becauie rhe Endeavours of the Swedijh Miniiters, who preached hitherco in a Foreign Tongue, proved fruitleis ; and the Laplanders who were (purfuant to the Commands of King Charles his FatherJ fenc to the Swcdifro Univerfity of Vpfal, being ufed to a quite diffe- rent D et, were not long-lived, after their return into their native Country. His words are thefe : Ihe great eft fart of them die, after they come into a Foreign Air, and ufe another Diet; the reft, being accuftomed to better living, dont care to change their condition for the vporfi ; Pndthere* fore are unwilling to return home. Kjng Guftave the Great, finding thefe expedients fYove ineJfeElual, did, according to his PVifdom and ^eal^ fitch ufon another, and to take avpa/i the inconveniency which arifes from the great difference of ti e Climate and Diet, did, with the Bleffing of God, tal^e artfolution, to maintain a certain number of young hsLphn^ cicrs. at the School (jf Pitha, at his own charge. This was; ihe fir't School cftabliihed in Lapland, for the inftruding ! their Youth, both in Religion and Liten'ture; the ma- i nagement of which, was commirrcd to Mr. Nicholas An-^ drew, Miniiler of the Church of Pitha, as .appears out of The beforemenrioned Preface. And, for the better proma- I'ion of Knowledge among them, he was commanded by Guftave Adclph^io Tranflare fomeof the moft ufeful Books 6iit of the SwsdifJj, inro the Lapland Language, as heteJIs lis himfelf, in the before-named Preface. Tour Majefiy, fays he, hits commanded me by ycur Letters, that whoever 1 fJoniild think might be conducing to inftniB: the LapJand Nation, in the knowledge of the true way of Salvation, and to lead a Chrlflian Life, I fhould take cut of the Scripture, /ind the Books of the nntient DoElors of the Church, and v tranflate it into theL-^pland Tongue, Before that time, j| the Laplanders were fo far from having any Eooks writ- j ten in their own Tongue, that they did not underftand | whnt Letters or writing meant • this being the tin'l wri- ' rer in the Lapponian Tongue ; which, as I fuppofe, con- rained a Primer, fuch as Children commonly ufe, with rhe chief Heads of theChriftian Religion, fuch as the Ten Ccmmnndments,the Apoflolick Creed, the Lords Prayer, , arid fucl> like; compiled by rhe befcrementioncd Mr. Ni-
c' cl/ts
The Hifiory of Lapland.
Ms Andrew, as he himfelf tells us: I have, fays he for the fromoting Gods Honour, and the Salvation of the Laplanders, compled and revifed the Primer, mth Juch o- ther matters as generally are annexed to it^ unlefs fome will perhaps from the Words {(lelt och reformerat ) or I have revifed , an inference , that this was not :be firft publication , (ince nothilig ufed to be re- vifed which was not written before. But it fecms to be, hat his meaning is, that he had revifed and made fome Amendment in the Primer,relating to the LafUnd Tongue, vhich had been compiled by him before. Thus much is main, that he was the firft who publiihed the B^tual in he Lapland Tongue ; the Book being extant to this day, )rinted at Stcckjjolm^ in the year 1619. by Ignatius Meu^ er, under the following Title j Lllyel/usCamionum, quo- nodo Jit calekratida miffa, quomodo orandum cantandumve ermone La^ponico. How to celebrate M^fs^ how to Pray nd Sing in the Lapland Tongue • compiled and compcfed y Nicholas Andrew, Minlfter of Fitha. Since which ime, the fame has been feveral times Reprinted, and not nany years ago, zt Stocl^olm, 1667, by Georg- Uautfld. rhefe were the iirO Books that ever appeared in the .afland T^^ngue ; being intended to inftrud them in the rft Elements of the Chriftian Religion. Thefe were the rft, I fay, becaufe feveral have been pubLfhed fince by ther hands, as for inftance, the Manual, as they call it, rranflated from the Swedlftjinio the LapLmd'TonguQ, by ■ohn Tormeus, Mmiiier and Redor of the Church of Toma^ onraining the Pfalms of David, the Proverbs of Sclonion, le Ecclejlaflicus^ Luther s Catechifr?}, Sacred Hymns, the ?ofpel and Epiftles , with the Solemn Prayers, the liftory of the Paffion of Chriii, of the DeRruc'lion of erufalem, the I^ltuai and Prayers of all fcrts. This iook was printed in Odavo,i648, ^iStccklxQlm, by Heri-^ 'Kjiifer, and Dedicated to Qqeen Chlftlnc. Olaus Sta. hand Graan, a Native of Lapland, Miniftei: and School- lafter among Laplanders 3.1 Lyl^:^la, publiilied ana- ler under the fame Title, printed at Stoci^oohn by rV/» )olas Warkjlf 1669. This Book contains the Gofpels nd Epiftles, the Colleds, the P^ltual, the Hurory of thrifts Pafiion, and fome Prayers. It differs from ths 5rmer chiefly in this, that it comes n fearer to the DialecSI: fthe Lapmark^oi Vnia and Pltha. The fame OUus did .vo years before, t;/^. 1 6^7, publifh a Catechifm, byway
70 The Wfiorj of Lapland,
of Queftion and Anfwer, both in the Sx^edijh and Laplmiii Tongues, being printed oppofite to one another, ziStock} holm, by George Eiut/h, and the fecond Edition 1668. hi his Widow ; being taken out of the Catechiflkal Trel fury of Paulin.
What hWs farther under our confideration is, that tc encourage t\it Lnp Under s to fend their Children to School ^mg Gufiave Adoiph did allot a certain Annual Revenue tor their Maintenance, both in Vidluals and Cloaths and a!] orher Neceffaries, as alfo a competent Salary foi the Scftcolmafter ; which is manifeft from the faid Dedi- canon of Mr. J^icholas Andrew, where he fays, And that nothing ymght be v, anting to encourage this undertaking \ your Majejly has given and grmted an Allowance, not only\ for the ?rovijion of the lotith of Lapknd, with iriBuJsl and Cloaths, and other Ncceffaries, but alfo has allowed me a very honourable Salary, for my Jervice, care, and trouble Bel-ore that time, the Laplanders, what with the fear ot charges, and fending their Children at any diftance trom home, did not rake any great care for their Inftra-! etion ; and tho' the firft difficulty be removed, the other! continues among them to this day, they being very unJ wining,notwithftanding this extraordinary provifion madei lor them to part with their Children, who being made' lenhble of ir, frequently ran away from School to theif homes. ' j
TV.Q Laplander 5 being qaickned by thefe Encourage- 1 meiits, began by degrees to apply themfelves more feri*' oufiy to the Chnftian Religion, efpecially fince the fame I was taught them not in a Foreign but in rheir owdi i ongue : Thofe who v/ere formerly imployed in the Mi-^ having always done ir in thej .'^^yr. :swedijh TonPuc; as is evident from the words of Baa:^- 15- us. CharleslX. KJng ofSwed^n./ool^care to have Churches] built there, but the chief want, v,as Preachers, who couli\ teach them m their native Laphnd Tongue, they underfl an \ ing no other, Olaus Petri fpeaks to the fame rurpofe : ^ Th^ Clergy was of opiniori, that they did rarely well in fre^ j quently preaching to thofe People, not in the U^X^nd Tongue, j w.nch thf>y knew 7ict, but in the Swedifli, which the I aplan- ders underfiand very little of So that tho* they coaipre- pend fomewhar, yet fo it was, that they could nor give a fatisfadory account of what had been trjghi them;
The Hiftory of Lapland. 7^
t-vt. m9lre<! Mr Nicholas Andrew confefs, in the afrer-
"^Tifify thlifp^^^^^^^^^ at thefame titne knew '° Ih^ Sance of what they prayed. They endea- ;LS tfftp^ thtdefed,b/&aci^ an Interprercr Sefthl ffit, who was to explain, as well as he could, rewords of ?he Prieft to the Auditoryj as Samuelliheen t obM it : men the Minifter, fays he, » to french rstdift. they are forced to 1^'^^-]^^^^^^^^^: Pulpit who is to interpret his words m t he Uipl^nd Tongue. Which however, bad not the defired effed, for thefe In- rpreters. being commonly fimple and ignorant Fellows, of Ce or no judgment, were not able to give a juft n- ?erpretation of the Priefts words, to the Auditors ; a the trieft, on the other hand, did not ""^^f ^"'J ,f "J^^.^^ did well or ill. But by thefe Books they did reap th.s advantage.that they began to underftand what they pray- ed, and their Teachers inftruded them not ,n thej^.- diflo but in their own Tongue. Some of the LafUnd Youth, have of late years applied themfelves with fuch fuccefs to the knowledge of Literature, and the ftudy of Divinity, that they have been intrufted with the Mini- fterial Funftion. ^King Guftave Adolf h i^^^^^^ ' did draw the young Laplanders to theSchoo s. by allow- ' ing them a compleat Maintenance, till they came to « agl of Maturity f and being inftruded in the Liberal "Sciences, were thought fit to be fent to the Umverfuy
• of Vpfal, where, after having attained to the know-
• ledge of the true Fundaments of the Chi iftian Reli- «gion, were ordained Minifters, to preach the pofpel, ' and to teach their Countrymen the way of Salvation, ' in their native Tongue. Olaus Pern makes particular mention of three Minifters thus Ordained ; who therefore with Juftice may be deemed the firft Pn.efts of the Up- land Nation.' His words, after he had fpoken of the School oSPitha, founded by King Gnflave Adolph, are thefe : Thus being by degrees accujlomed to a jore,gn Air, they tarried fo long at theVniverJlty, till three among /he,?f were judged fitly qualified ta be preferred to the Minifies rial FunBion. , . , u
Thefe, each in his Diftrid or Mark, ^ch ^o the Laplanders in their native Tongue, and Adminii^er the Sacramsnts j which Cuftom is continued asnong theni
72 The Hijtory of Lapland.
this day, they having Minifters of their own Nation, wh preach and perform all the other Minifterial Function! De S ^" ^^^^^ Councr)^; fo that Mr. lQ)nhoh is in anci| Scriptlin ^ofi when he fays, that Preaching and other Matters re 1 vuly^ ^^^^"2 Divine Service, are not performed here it
^ rhe LnfUnd, but in the Swedijh Tongue.
By thefe fteps, as the often-mentidned Mr. NtchoU Andrew has obferved, the Laf landers did come to th< knowledge of the Chriftian Religion, many begin to be lieveits certainty, and did joyfully embrace Ghrift anc his merits. T/jf Laplanders, fays he, areat lafl, toward, the latter end of the World, by Gods Mercy, made Mem. hers of the Chriftian Church, by means of the Bapti:{rrj^ am breaching of the Gcffel among them. Thus they are invit. ed to the true k^ovpfedge of Chrifl, and that he, by hisfuf\ ferings and death, has furchafed them, as well as all cthet\ Chrtftians, remiffion of fins, and eternal Life, All whkh\ they embrace now with' a great deal of joy and cheayjul-] nefs. ■ 1
Thqs far v/e have given you an account of the firftj endeavours of King Gufl^ve Adolph, for the ! i\ pagatingl pf the Chriftian RJigion in Lapland: But a^. h^.ppensj moft commonly in ali hum Vn Afiairs, thar ^h^begmningl meets wich many obitac'e^ m the f rencbing was invol-l ved in ro foal] difFcuJries, \>uc r-'ppcic^lly it was found a ha d task to k^^ep up this School, beyond the limits of Lap' rnd, ?rd to bring over their young Men to it. To remei^y which, John Skytte, Baron of Duderhoff, Senator of the Kingdom of Svocden, did, to his immortal Glory, obtain a Grant from K?ng Guflave Adolph, for another I School within the Limits of Lapland, in the Mark of V-^ \ ma, near to the Church of Lycl^fa, from v^hence thefaid 1 School derived its Name: as we (hall fee hereafter, where !
lhall give you an account of the Examination made in that School; Glaus Petri fpeaking of King Guflnve A- dolph tells us, He hhought it" convenient, nay very veceffary^ ; Uhave a School Eflablifhed in Lapland it felf, thatfo they \ might not be obliged to change thiir Diet and Climate^ and I avotd the iiiConveniencies of leaving their native Soil, &;c.
'-hroughhu Mercy, didfeccnd the pious Endeavours ^f j this Prince^ and the noble ']o\in Sky m^Sonaior of Sweden), i 4id rs>nconrage thewor\by ' his- Authority. -This is there- \ WX^:tht it^Qni SdiQol erected for .ihe.Re%( Pii^ ^k^ l-^J^-
Tke Hiftpry of Lapland, 7|
nders, puffuant to a Patent granted for that pwrpofe by Ling Gufiave Adolfh, Who being then, vi^- in the year 621. intangled in a heavy War in Germany, did neVet^- [ lelefe not lay afide his Zeal for promoting the Chriftian | ^4
Uligion in Lafland, I will give you fome words of xht 'atenu, tho' fomewhat long, oUt of Baa:(im. fVe Gui^ave Adclph, by the Grace of Cod ^ng of the wedes, Goths, W Vandals, make known^ That notwith^ anding both our Father, of hlejfed Memory, Charles IX, ite Kjng (?/ Sweden, as well as ourfslf foon afte. our ac-^ yffion to the Throne, did ufe our utmofi endeavours, to have ir SubjeBs inhabiting the moH Norther- farts, called the ,Si^\indQTS, duel)r in^ruBed in all Liberal Arts and Scir yices, as well as in the way of Salvation ; neverthelefs, ha- ing ftnce ihat time been involhcd in heavy PVars, this has itherto f roved no fmall obftacle to our f ious Intention. But^ hat our good Endeavours may not altogether be 'frullrated^ reorder, and by thefe frefents, conflttute our TruHy ani \eloved Counfellor, and Senator of the Kingdom of Swedefi, ohn Skytte, Govemour <?/Livonia, Ingerman, and Cave- ien, and Baron of DoderhofF, to have the direiiion of the 'chool which ^ to be Eftablifhed in the Marl^ of Uma in .apland. And, confidering that the [aid Baron has vo* untarily offered and taken upon himfelf this Task, which \e hflfes to bring, by God's Blejfing, to a happy if/tie; it is urlVtll andPleafure, that the DireBion of this School fhall emain for ever in the Family of the Sky ties » And, thaP wth the Schoolmaiier and Scholars may be provided with a cnftant Maintenance, grant to the faid School, all the rithes , which the Inhabitants af the DiHriBs ofVmz, are i|j Mged to bring yearly into our Storehoufe at Uma, ifter the ordinary J^ayments and Charges are deduBed.Thefh Xythcs, well as what other Donations or Gifts the faid [ohn Skyrte may be able to provide or acquire for this pm^ ')oje, he fhall have Authority to dijpofe of for the main" enance and other necejfary occafigns of the faid School ; re-^ "crving neverthelefs to our [elves, to the Crown, and our ^uccejfors, the fupreme 'B^gulatton of the fame, as neceffity %all require. In witnefs hereof, we have fet our Hand and \oy^J ScaL Giyen in Did Stem in Fomerania, June 20^ iC^'i,-^ ^- ^ ' ■ ^ ' ^ ' " ■
The Hifiory of Lapland. This IS the Patent, by Vertue of which a new Scbo was erefted in the Mark of Vma in Laplandy for the u ! of the Laf landers I for that there was none there befori is evident from the Words // to be BfiabliJheJ, WhiV School enjoys this preference before the other former] cftabliflicd, that the direcStion of it was not left to t! Winifter, but to a Senator of the Kingdom, who coi fequently might ad: with greater Authority. BtMts, bei the Mafter and Scholars were not only provided with certain Allowance, but this alfo was afEgned them upc th« Tythes of Vma. The before-mentioned School, i; true, had Jikewife a certain Scipend allotted for its ufc but this being not afligned upon any certain Branch c the Revenue, the payment of it was oftentimes retarde beyond what the neceflity of a Thing of this nature rc quired, which proved a great Obftacle to the Defigi This Inconveniency was removed here, by his fettlemer of their Allowance ; And for fear this might alfo fa] fliort, the noble John Skjtte was impowered to mak ufe of all other Means, which might conduce to its ad vantage. And this great Man left no Stone unturn d but to give them the moft ample Proof that could be o his Zeal and Love to God and all ufeful Sciences, d;d acf with fuch Succefs in tills Bufinefs, that what with his om and his Friends Contributions, he raifed a Sum of Fivt thoufand Dollars, amounting to the Sum of about Thre<| thoufand Englifti Crowns, which he lent to the Queer Chrifline, for the ufe of the Company of the Copper mines, the Intereft tobe employed for the benefit of thf School ofVma, to be afHgned them upon the Rents o certain Farms, belonging to the Crown, in the Diftrid o! Vma. The Qaecn according to her wonted Goodnefsj being very willing to grant his requeft, did within twc Years after grant her Letters Patents for this purpofe, witl the approbation of the then Lords Protedors of the King dom, whofe worthy Commemoration ought not to be pafs*d by here : The Words of the faid Letters beinr known to very few, I will give them at brge : Wc Chriftine, by the Grace of God, Queen elect and hereditary Prtncefs of the Swedes, Goths andVmdzh ; Great Dutchef c/ Finland, Dutchefs of Efthonie and CdiVoWzn, Lady of Ingermanland, make known that our dearly beloved Father)^ Ute Kjng of Sweden^ out of his fingnfar ^cal to f ro'\
tnotbl
The Hifiory of Lapland. ^
ote the true Inter eB of the Church of God, and effect aHp ,f Converfion of thofe bar batons People inhabiting the moft yrthern Parts^ did order a Laplatnd School to be eriUed^ I the Mark, of Uma, in hopes to bri^g them by this meaiis I the true IQiowledge of Chriif; and the dire&ion of this Vork, being committed by him to our faithful and beloved oufifellor and Senator of the Kingdom^ John Skytte, Pre^ ient of our Hpyal Court in Gothland , Chancellor of the ^niverfity of Upfal, and Lord Jujlice of South Finland; aron of DuderhofF, Lord of Garenfia, Stramfrum and kyttcholm, K^ighty and after his Deceafe^ the fame Di- *Flion to be Hereditary to his Family^ gracioujly allowing ir the maintenance of the faid School^ the Tythes Yearly to ? brought into the Granary f>/Uma, belonging to the Crown. Ve therefore by vertue ofthefe Letters Patents^ do not only onfirm the faid laudable Inftitntion of our Pious Father eceafed, but alfo declare by thefe Prefents^ that the noble Md John Skytce did make a Colle^ion, partly of his own, artl/ of his Friends, of ^ooo Dollars of Si her, for the ife f the faid Lapland School | which Sum he did put into the ^ands of the Copper Mine Company ^ humbly defiring that he faid Sum might remain to us and our Crown^ and that ve would pay Eight per Cent, yearly IntereB for the fame;, mdfor the better fecurity affign to the faid School the ^ents of the Farms in Narland, fo that the Inhabitants thereof fhould be obliged to pay the fame to the before-mentioned School. We having gracioujly approved of this Propofition, 4o grant the I{evenues of the following Farms belonging to us and our Crown, as a fecurity to the Lapland School, viz. in the DiflriBs (?/Uma and the wefiern Bothnia; Roebeck, J 1 Farms J, Stakfioe irf, Jsjabbiter ^t^, Baggaboclet afi, Knddis 2t6, Braneland Thefe Farms fhall
fay Yearly to the faid School all their ordinary Taxes, which the Inhabitants thereof fhall be obliged to do without delay dtfring the time we retain the Sum of 5000 Dollars lent to t^e Company, until we fhall have re§lored the whole Sum to tfje Lapland School. Wherefore we command our Officers knd all others whom it may concern. That they dont fub* flraEi any thi7jgfrom the faid I{ems given in Security be^ fore the Many be re§lored, or offer or fuffer the leaft Injury or Damage to be offered to the faid Schgol, contrary to the Temur of this Grant. ' Jn confirmation whereof our Gover-^ nmrs andthe AdminiIfr4tQrs ^f fhe I^ingdom havefet their ■ - ^ ' ' •' ' -'^^ ' nfpeBivf
^6
The Hiftory of Lapland.
TfJpeBive Hand/, and affixed the I{oyal Seal. Dated \ Stockholm, Novemb. 5. 1634. | The Names of the Perfons who fubfcribed as Protedlc of the Kingdom were, Gabriel OxenStem, SonoiGuStay DrolTet of the Kingdom ; James de la Gvardie^ Hi- JVfarlhal ; Charles, Son of Charles Guldenhelm, High A miralj Peter Bannier, Vice Chancellour ; Gabriel Oxe Stern Treafurer. And this is the School unto which tl Laf landers owe the rife and progrefs of feveral Ingenio Perfons , who fince have implanted into them the tn Tenets of the Ghriftian Religion ; the fame having bet frequented by a good number of the Lapland Youth, wf there have, with a great deal of Care and Pains, bee inftrucSted both in Literature and Religious Exercifes which is evident from the Teftimony given by thofe wh^ were prefent at the Examination in the fame Year, tb' School was endowed by the Royal Patent. It will nc be amifs to give you the Words of the Teftimonial ou' of Baa:(ius, forafmuch as it gives an Account of the Sue . cefs of the School. " We whofe Names are underwrite Ec^ i« jej,^ teftifie. That we being defired by the Reveremi " and Learned Mr. OUus our Minifter of the Church oj Vma, to be prefent at the Examination of the Laplnm young Scholars, of the School Eftabliflied at LyckjaU: in the Diftric3: of Vma we were willing to grant his Requeft, and being prefent when the before-faid Minifter (being Mafter of the faid School) did Exa- " mine them, do teftifie, That they altogether Sang ex- " adiy the Pfalms of David tranflated inco Smdijh, as " they are ufed in the Swcdt/h Churches long ago. hiext, " all and every one in particular did recite the Primer' containing not only the Elements of Speech, but alio the Lord's Prayer, the 4poftle's Creed, the ten Com'- ^' mandments , together with the'Words of the Inftitu- tion of the Sacraments of Baptifm and the Lord's Sup- " per ; as aifo Graces before and after Meat, with '^^ Morning and Evening Prayers. This Book they all " did read in the fame manner as it is pradrifed in the Schools in Srveden. Some more Ingenious than the reft i did diftindlly, and withour Hefitation, repeat the Que- 1 " ftions and Explications of the leffer Catechifm of Lu- their, ^rid did read the Gofpels for Sundays and Hol;i- days, publiflied in the 5'T?^f^/y?7 Tongue. AUthe Scho-
clef. c. 5
The Hiftory of Lapland^
irs in general were kept conftantly to thcfe ExercifcJ, ^ceoi Eight, who being not fo forward as the reft; 3v reafon of their flownefs of Parts, did however en- ieavour to come up with the others as near as they could Thefe young Scholars begin now to learn the Catec'hifm in the Lafland Idiom, by which means they may be able to inftrudl their Country-men m the Fan^ jamentals of Religioh in their own Tongue. This School Exercife, and the benefit arifing from dience, being beyond what wedidexped, feeing that the bar- barous Youth had in fo little a Time made fuch a con- (Iderable Progrefs in attaining to the Fundamentals which lead to the way of Salvation, which fometimet other Scholars of a more liberal Education have beeti much longer attaining to, we could not but acknow- ledge the great Mercy of God, who had been pleated to render thefe Endeavours fuccefsful ; as thole pious Perfons who have laid the Foundation of this Schoo^ who have encouraged it by their Endowments, and who ftill contribute towards its Maintenance, ought not to be bereaved of their due Praife; no queftion but the Bleffing of God, will be according to his Pro- mife, their Reward, In Teftimony whereof we have hereunto fet our Hands and Seals. Dated in the Place fore-faid. Anno 1634- ^^cobus Andrew Buraus, Fetrus enu, Andreas Hacquini, JacobusNicolai, Olaus Olat. From this Teftimonial it is evident, that the Lapland ^outh did frequent this School of Lykfda in good Num- ers, and that they were not altogether unfit for Learn- ig, and applyed themfelves wiih all imaginable Care Dwards the attaining the knowledge of thofe Things i^hich were requifite to the improvement of a Chriftian .ife ; and that their Parents were ready to contribute heir utmoft towards thefe Endeavours, without which hey would not have been fo forward to fend their Chil- Iren to this School. So that it is apparent, that Religion hews now a quire different Face in Lapland, from what t was in former Ages ; the Swcdijh Kings having fince aken greater Care to provide them Churches, Schools and Books, as well as Teachers and MinifterS; and thole tvho are employed in the Miniftry have likewife more Dpportunity of improving their Talent among them, be» bg for the moft part verfed both in the Swed^'Jh and Laf-
, j-^ ^-^^ ^{/^^'ly Lapland. «»rfTongaes, and fome of them Natives nfr w Co„«n,i„g the Truth of this we JavTrdr/bfetSl Monies /« UniaLapmark, fays ,
/f.WifM« In another Paflage leaking of the Z *nark of Puha he has thefe Words :InS Lapmart ^
m teachtngthe Word of God to the uLr^dL In th ^^rkof LuhU it feems the Task irJomewhat mS
bv '^^/(^«'/^'-^, which inconveniency is fupplye,
ineir reipeaive Diftrids, to inftrud the more remote LM^ 'Vn/^' ^"''^ °^God. The Minifier of Sna
pJiL j'^i " /"■ft'-"^ ''^^ Laplanders /« Cimfiim diSr ft-^ "wdlnotbeamifstoglve you. i anad-
tfZ / rf,'^'''' ""'^'^"''"^^"■t f'-^e Kings Charge ; i flant f Iffl^'J-^nu h^ro living Mn nrenfon^blhi- \ ttance from thetr Churches andMinifters, ha^e fremem Op- Tonumues of meeting and hearing the fVord of God. In 'he Upmark of iMab they h,ve one Church and one Mi- ntfier a very ,nduftrious Perfon, and a Native ./Lapland, ! S 7u-^-T% """^ S^-'^t Application of the Governour ' *f that p,j<irra, who takes nothing more to Heart than their Convernon, every thing is dene in ^ood Order. Their Mi. nilterhasnot long ago found out a certain Place where they
The Hifiorj of Lapland- 79
^g^t mth comeniency enough frequently during the 'inter Seafon, and always in the Summer, to hear the PVord God. The other tm Lapmarks, W?. thofe <?/Torna ani\ lima exceeding the reft in bignefs, are vifited bu»
"C a Tear by pheir Minifter, At their fublick Fair in Fe- uary. T/^^ Lapmark of Torna has tvso Churches^ hut t Lapmark of Chima none. Divine Service is performed boththoje Lapmarks in the Finland Tongue, the Inhd^ ants fomewbat under Handing the fame in feme meafure. Here you fee with what Application the Priefts in Laf-^ id do now Labour in inftruSing the Lapland Nation the Chriftian Faith, being encouraged to ad with the jre Chearfulnefs, by the Revenues fettled upon them r the maintenance of their Families ; which are affigned ^m upon the Tythes of the Raindeer, which the Lap-^ Iders are obliged to give to the King, of which the ird Partis allotted for the ufe of the Priefts. The F{ain* ?r, fays Samuel I{heen, which they are obliged as an an^ \al Tribute to give to the Crown, are divided betwixt thff Ing and the PrieHr, the Firii has two Parts, the la§t One. hey have like wife a (hare in what Filh, and fome other hings they pay to the King, concerning which, fays the fore-mentioned Author : The Laplanders give to the 'oxvn and Prieits for Tythes, either a Pair of Shooes, or a hite Fox, or half a Pound of Pike, which is divided Share, id Share alike , betwixt the Kjng and the Prieil. All hich, together with fome other Advantages granted em by the Swedifh Kings, as it makes the Priefts ad ith the more Chearfulnefs, fo the Laplanders are encou- ged by them to look with more Care than formerly, ter the way of Salvation , which makes them be very fpedful to their Minifters, whom, when they take their ircuits among them, they falute with a low Bow, invite cm into their Tents, and fet before them the beft they ive, calling them every now and then, as a Token of eir Efteem, Sir.
*They love, fays Samuel Hloeen^ their Teachers, and call them Herrai, that is, Sirs. Of this Wexovius has :hefe following words : The Laplanders honour theic Priefts, they go to meet them with their Rain-Deer^ when they are coming to vific them againft the C/^r/if- mas Holidays : They condudl them inro their Cottages made of Birch»Trees, covered and adorned with the
Skins
The Hiftory of Lapland. ;Skins of their Rain-Deer. ^Tbey falpte them at a d « ftance with a profound Reverence, after rhe Rul • manner, with thefe words ; Saa tervoe tulemas uZ *»^/f 1. e. Tou are welcom in Lapland. Upon a TaW which ,s no more than a Plank laid upon the grounc ♦they fee before them Meat, which is generally F.fli o the fleni of Rain-Deer dry'd. the Tongue blinV rofl ! v'^ the Bones tolled by the fire, fromwhenci h take the Marrow ; but they ufe neither bread nor fal,
by reafon of the estremity of the cold) the Minifter bring along with them the Uflanders ordinary drinl ;be.ng only water, which they keep in Veffels made o -i^ « • V T^?' " obferved, that in' this, a! well as in feveral other refpeds. there is a remarkabl.i diflrerence ; for as Lundlus tells us, the Inhabitants o!
W f u °t^^/'-'l/ew, and go more frequent^
ly to Church, than thofe of the Lapn^arl- of Luhla, whd make no great accoant of their Minifters , and will fometimes, efpecially when they are drunk, talk very! ftucily to them ; tho" at the fame time they are other'! Bi ^- i't'e'-aJ'prefenting them frequently with Cheefe' SdVr^ '^''^ ^^If- They obferve both the Sunday,
• v^rfr If f • Tr'^- ^'■tSl"^'-^"y. fays Olaus PeH _vei7 careful ,n obferving the Sabbath-day : And Tom fpeaking of the Laplandeys ofTorna, tells us, ' That on « '^ffh T c '^ "-^frfJ" fro'n.any kind of Labour, and
afford Che fame eafe to their Cattel ; feme being fo Religious, as to abfta.n from Working on ti,e Saturday. The before-mentioned Mr I^heen, gives us the followinf account : They obferve both the Sunday, and HoUdayf, ^ when they refrain from any kind of hard Labour, efpe. ^cially at the hours appointed for Divine Service. This they do not only on Sundays but alfo Saturdays, being
• rilrLm? '° °" ^^y'- They alfo lef the r Cattel reft on Sundays ; nay, there aremany, who
. H ''T"'Vu-,¥'"''^'^*'- R^i"-Deer on sindays, and allovv the.r Children to play abroid. Thev are^ very attentive at Sermon ti,«e, and very diligent in fing-. mg Pfah^s ; It ,s wor:h our obfervation, what TornIs\ mentions of the Laplanders of Torna, vi:(. That they are I fo zealous and eager, that they ftrive to outdo one ano-!
diet i
The Hiftory of Lapland.
er in Singing. They pay a great deal of R^verente to e Sacraments, and make ufe of them according to the iftitucion of their Church. Samuel I(/jeen fays, The Sa- ament of Baptifm is in great veneration among them ;
that the Mothers will carry their Children, within ghc or fourteen days after they are born, a great way,
order to be Baptized by the Prieft, Samuel [^jeen fays us: They never defer to have their Children 'Bafti:{ed', ? Lapland Women being ufed to undertake long Journeys *r the higheH Mountains^ vaft Lakes , and crofs the 'ck^est Frqfts^ with their Babes ^ to have them Baptised the PrieB, The fame reverence they pay to the Lord's pper, and never negled: to go beforehand to Confefli- , and receive Abfolution. Olaus Petri fays. That in all - ward apfearance^ they receive Abfolutio7i and the Lord's tfper, with a g^eat deal of Devotion ; efpecially fince y are now made fenfible, that they are rea) partakers it; whereas in former Ages, in the times of Popery, y did receive it, but without any previous Confecra- n. Peter Claudi fays exprefly, That the fame was IS pradtifed in Norway • which makes it very probable. It the fame Cuftom was obferved in Sweden. * The acrament of the Lord's Supper, fays he, ufed to be dminiftred to them in the Popifh times, and for fome xi}Q after, without any previous Confecration, as it ras generally believed. Samuel I{I.^een gives us the fol- '/ing Teftimony of the Devotion of the Modern Lad- ders : They come with a fingular Devotion to ConfcJJion^ i receive the Abfolution and the Lord*s Supper, Torn^us s of the Laplanders of Torna, That they pay the fame verence to the Sacraments of Baptifm and the Lord's 5per, as other Chridians do ; neither are they remifs jther things relacing lo pious Exercifes. They fel- n or never are heard to Swear, Curfe, or Blafpheme- the fame Author obfcrvesof them. There is one thi?2g, s he, very praife-worthy in them^ that they abftain frorri mring^ Curfing and Blafphemies, it being very rare to r any fuch thing among^ them. They are very Liberal I ChaHrable to the Poor, as I have obferved before, en I rold you alfo, that Thieving was a Thing fcarce )wn among them. They are very Coarreous in their nverfatioo, efpecially among rhofe of one FaotiJyj or ir CoiintrV'm.€n,. who freqnenrly viifi one aocjthcr, and G pafs
f
The Hijlorj of Lapland,
pafs away their Time with friendly DLfcourfes. Sanmi I{l:ie€n fays, That they make frequent Vifits, and entei| tain one anocher, efpecially if they are either Kindrec; Relations, or parricular Friends. All which they hav taken from the Rules taught them by rheir Minifters, b( ing made fenfibje that Chriftianity teaches them both ho\ to regulate their Faith and their Lives : Concerning tbei Faith, the juft now mentioned Author tells us ; The L^l landers are very fenjible^ that there is one God, x^ho m created Hetiven and Earth ; nnd that we are Saved by th Death of his Son, And foon after ; The Faith of the Laf landers conjiifs in this^ that they believe one God, and thre P erf ins comprehended in one Divinity^ viz. The Fathe) Son, and Holy GhoB. Now, as they follow the Precepi of Chriilianity, fo on the other Hand they fly and abho the remnants of their ancient Superftltions. They pij away their Drums, they pull down and burn thofe Idol | and other Images of Wood or Stone, which they ufed ti worfhip as Gods. Of this Johannes Torn^us has given U| a remarkable Inftance. In a certain Village in xhtLaf fnarli of Torna, called Paldojarf lived a certain Laplm der, whofe Name was Peter Puima, a Pious, Honel and Wealthy Perfbn, who, with all his Family, di< WorOiip the Idol Seitnn, It happening one time that ij great Mortality reigned among his Raindeer; he praye(i to his Seitan, to deliver them from ir, but to little Pur pole, his Raindeer dying now as before. -At length h took good (lore of dryed Wood, and with his whoL Family undertook a Journey to the Place, where th*: IdolSeitan fcood; round about the Idol he ftrewed man^i green Bows of Fir, and proftrating himfelf with his who! Family before it, he offered the Sacrifices of the Skins o Raindeer, their Skulls and Horns, befeeching that h', VT/ould by fom.e Sign or other (hew himfelf the true God' But notwichftanding hecontinued his Devotion far a whol-j Day, net the leaft Sign was given, and heand hisFamilj letting Fire to the dry Wood, burnt the Idol of the Towni The neighbouring Laf landers flocking together to kiilhim| he told them, IJ^'hy mil you not let your Seitan revenge hi\ fAvn Quarrel upon me. This Paiwin became afterwardj fo confiant an affener of the Chrlllian Faith, that whei they rhrcr.rncd him wirh their Enchantments, he wouk Sing ihe ApofUc's Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and fuel]
The Hiflory of Hapland.
ke ; afld burnt all the Sei tarns he could meet with, and ;nc bis Son to Euarebyt^ to do the like there i for which jafon the faid Son (whofe Name was Wmtt^bas) was irccd to flye iato N<^mafy^ to avoid the danger of being iiled by the Inhabit^ts of Torna ; in the fame manner certain Laf lander called Clement , an Inhabitant of mohyf did put away hi$ Drum. Tormus fays, that be- g fereral times admonifhed by the Minifter, he would )E part with his Drum, till his Mother falling Sick, he fplyed himfelf for help to his Drum ; but his Mother nng notwithftanding, he cut the Drum in pieces^, aIiedg-»» that he found it ufeleis. Thus we have given yoa e modern State of the Chriftia^ Religion, much better rproved and put in pra(9:ice among Laf landers ih^n was in fiormer Ages y from whence we may rationally tielude, what care and trouble thofe were forced to be who by their Authority, Council, Advice and Mini- y have been encouraging fo great a Work : Ac the fame ae it muftbe confefs'd, that they cannot boaft to this ty that the Seeds of their former Impieties are quite ated out, as will appear out of the following Chap-
G H A P. IX.
^ fome remainders of Pagmfm in Lapland^^ at this Time.
E have given you an ample Account of the tra<s State oi ihQ Qhnkim Religion m Laplattd ; and w both the SWedlfh Kings, and the Pr iefts have not been iring, by all pollible means , to extirpate the ancient perftitions, and their evil Confequences ; norwithftand- [ which there are many Remnants, which require their ther Care and Xrouble. $a7?2uel Hjoeen confcifts this /^^y^^^ nfelf, when he fays. That there are ftill remaining Lapp, long them many grof^ Errors and Superftiticns ; which 24. ikes their Converlion- much fufpeded by many , as if y v;ere Cbriftians only in outward appearance, but G % Pagatiis
^4 The Hi (lory of Lapland* j
Pagans in their Hearts: Which makes the beforemeni tioned Author fay of them in another PafTage ; TW tk\
the) wou d have the Wovld to believe that they adore an i honour God, and fut their truft in him, jet are they muc, addicled to the Super ft itio-ns of their Anceftors. To th fame Purpofe did ?€ter Claudi fpeak r.f the Norwegia, Laplanders cf \m umc: Tho\ fays he, they carry their In fant$ to be Baj)ti:(ed by the Priefts^ and feveral times ever Tear travel a great way ^ Church and receive th
Sacrament^ yet their Idolatry fuficiently dcmrvfirates, tha all this is only Fictitious, 'Tis true, this rule is not to b applycd to all, this being contrary to Experience ; never thelefs is it undeniable, that many of them make Profeffioi of the Chriftian Religion, rather for a Ihew, than in re ality. Many Reafons may be ailedged, for this their ob fbinatc perfeverance in rheir ancient Impiety and Super flitions. Among the reft there is one of a very ancien[ Date, mentioned by ^egler in his time : The ^eafon, fay ' he, x^hy there arc fo few Chriftians among the Laplander I is in (ome meafure the Avarice of fome of the Heads of th Clergy ^ who either neglected their Duty of inflruBing themi or put a cheeky to the growing DoElrin of Christ, by endea\ vcuring to lay heavy Imp ofit ions upon the People^ under th pretext of the Chriftian Faith. It is no wonder if thi! Laplanders, who were but Poor before, could not dige- ^ thefe exactions of ihe Priefts. Olaus Magnus endeavour to ccntradidl: this, when he calls it, a grofs and impiop Lye, but he would have done well to have convinced u:' to the contrary, which he does not. For, what he men tions concerning the Priefts being employed in the Con vcrllcr! of rhe Southern Provinces there; and of his Bro- ther Johns coming into the uttermoft part of Jempterland where he beftowed large Alms upon the Poor^ and at hi; own Charge fet up a Sale Rock there, does not in the IciR dcvQ^^it from the Authority of ^iegler, in this x. well as in feveral orher rcfpe(3:s. But th^s Obftacle is re moved in our time, by the liberality of the Swedifh Kingsj as ha^ been (hewn before. There is another Reafon men-j t'oned by Olaus himfelf, vi^. The vaft extent of thd ' Couniry, thcfc are his Words: There is one Reafon ebvioul t ) evrry Body, why rhe Laplanders are fo backypard to tun C!)rJ:tl:'ns^ viz. becaufe they are above two hundred Italiar ?J;7v/ di^t^nt from an * ChriHian Churchef. This Cauftj
The Hiftory of Lapland, feems in fome meafure to be removed, they having now- Churches built in feveral Provinces ; norwichftanding which the vaft diftance of Places, which is fo great, char he Priefts can but feldom fee them all, remains ftili an Dbftacie, as we have told you before, of the Minifter of LubU, who by reafon of the great extent of that Province, s forced to undergo an incredible Fategue in his Fundli- m. Thefe are the Reafons on one fide ; befides which here are Caufes having a more peculiar relation to the Natives 5 the Firft of which is, their Inclinations, which ; bent to Superftition ; of which we have faid fomething Iready, and is fufficiently proved by daily Experience, his may be imputed partly to their Jiving in Solitudes, orelis, and among the wild Beafts ; partly to their foli- iry way of iwelling feparately from the Society of others, ccepr what belong to their own Families, fometimes at veral Leagues diftance. Hereafter may be added, that leir daily Excrcife is Hunting, it being obferved that us kind of Life is apt to draw People into various Su- i:rftitions, and at laft to a Correfpondence wirh Spirits, or thofe who lead a folitary Life being frequently de- ^"tnane Aid, have oftentimes recourfe lo for- dden means, in hopes to find that Aid and Help among e Spirits, which they cannot find among Men ; and hat encourages them in it is Impuniry, theie Things be- g comnnitted by them, without as much as the fear of jy WitnelTes ^ which moved the often mentioned Mr. been, to alledge, among Reafons for the continuance of e impious Supedtitions of the Laplanders, this for One : '^caufe they live among inaccefflhle Mountains , nnd at a eat di fiance from the CGnverfation of other Men, Anc- er Reafon is, the good Opinion they conflantly enter- in ot their Anceftors, whom they cannot imagine to ive beenfollupid, as not to underftand, what God they ightto WorOiip; v/hercfore they judge they Oiould be anting in their Reverence due to them, if, by receding am their Inftitutions, they Ihould reprove rhem of Im* Ignorance. In this they feem to a-r^ree wirh oft of the other Pagans ; Qkero himfelf docs confels it, hen he fays : They, judged it their Duty to retain ajid orjhip the fame Gods their Anceflor shad done before them, imuel Hjpeen fpeaks upon the fame Account of the Lap- nders ; They are much addiEled tj the ^uperflitiGns of G 3 thsiy
The Hiftory of Lapland.
their Anceftors^ the B^afon they give for it, being no othel I? id t that their Aficeji&rs, whom they c ait their ancient F4' <